Topic 1 — The CIA Triad Definition The CIA Triad, Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability,is the foundational model for cybersecurity. It explains the three core goals security controls must protect: preventing unauthorized access (confidentiality), ensuring data is correct and unchanged (integrity), and keeping systems accessible when needed (availability). Example Major ransomware attacks, such as WannaCry, demonstrate…

IntroductionAs Chief Information Security Officer (CISO), one of the biggest challenges is deciding how to spend a limited cybersecurity budget wisely. While technology provides the backbone of protection, human behavior remains one of the greatest risks to an organization’s security (Milnes, 2025). Achieving the right balance between technical controls and employee training is essential to…

SCADA systems are essential to the operation of modern critical infrastructure, controlling everything from water treatment and wastewater management to power generation, gas pipelines, and manufacturing processes (Kalbfleisch, 2013). These systems allow operators to monitor and manage complex processes through real-time data collection and automation. However, as SCADA systems have evolved and become increasingly interconnected…

The CIA Triad is a foundational model in information security that consists of three critical principles: confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Confidentiality ensures that sensitive information is protected from unauthorized access and remains private, often enforcedthrough encryption, strong passwords, and access controls (Chai, 2022). For example, online banking systems use encryption and multi-factor authentication to safeguard…

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