BLUF
The Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition is a system used in various infrastructure, facility, and industrial processes. The SCADA system uses programs and techniques to keep the complexity of the different processes running smoothly and simultaneously. SCADA systems play a vital role in monitoring and controlling industrial processes, improving operational efficiency, and ensuring the reliability and safety of critical infrastructure.
Systems Functionality
SCADA’s functionality can be traced back to its three main system components: Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), Remote Terminal Units (RTUs), and Human-Machine Interface (HMI). PLCs and RTUs are on-site equipment that takes in information and sends out commands to the machinery. While the HMI provides a graphical user interface through which operators interact with the SCADA system. It displays real-time data, alarms, and allows operators to control industrial processes. As said by SCADA international, “the PLCs and RTUs works as local collection points that send and translates data to the remote or on-site HMI and send back control commands to the field devices” (What is SCADA?, 2024). All of these systems make sure the information can be analyzed and then reported.
Communication methods
The communication methods used by SCADA start off with direct and radio serials and for larger they may use IP and Ethernet over SONET/SDH for communication. To maximize cybersecurity, “SCADA protocols have been designed to be extremely compact and to send information to the master station only when the RTU is polled by the master station” (Scada Systems, 2024). Overall, communication is a critical aspect of SCADA systems, and the use of various protocols and standards ensures interoperability and efficient data exchange between different components and devices within the system.
Security Issues
SCADA-based systems are susceptible to cyberattacks despite misconceptions about physical security and isolation from the internet. They control critical infrastructure like water distribution and electricity, making security vital. Two major threats include, “unauthorized access to software, be it human access or intentionally induced changes, virus infections, or other problems that can affect the control host machine. The second threat is related to the packet access to network segments that host SCADA devices” (Scada Systems, 2024). SCADA vendors are looking into preventative measures to limit the risk of cyber attacks.
Conclusion
In conclusion, SCADA systems play a pivotal role in the monitoring and control of various industrial processes and critical infrastructure. Through PLCs, RTUs, and HMI, SCADA systems ensure efficient operation and data management. Communication methods, including direct serial, radio, and IP-based protocols, facilitate seamless data exchange and interoperability. However, the security of SCADA systems remains a significant concern due to vulnerabilities to cyberattacks. Despite efforts by SCADA vendors to implement preventive measures, ongoing vigilance and investment in cybersecurity are essential to safeguarding these critical systems and ensuring the reliability and safety of infrastructures.



Reference
Scada Systems. (n.d.). SCADA Systems – SCADA Systems. Retrieved March 25, 2024, from https://www.scadasystems.net
What is SCADA? | SCADApedia. (n.d.). SCADA International. Retrieved March 25, 2024, from https://scada-international.com/what-is-scada/