Works Cited

Lambie, I., & Randell, I. (2013). The impact of incarceration on juvenile offenders. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(3), 448-459.

This journal article gives information on the effects of mass incarceration and how mass incarceration among juveniles can affect them physically and mentally. Incarceration often results in negative behavioral and mental health consequences, including ongoing engagement in offending behaviors and contact with the justice system. It includes statistics and percentages stating that juveniles between the ages of 13-18 are being incarcerated because of the crimes they have committed. This article also goes in depth to provide information on which gender group is more likely to be imprisoned and the long-term effects of this cruel punishment. The article is broken down into gender, long-term effects, mental issues, and alternatives. This source was very informative. It explains how incarceration can affect a juvenile short-term as well as long-term, as well as which gender group is more likely to be incarcerated because of their actions. This journal article will support my claim that the best outcomes for youth offenders will be community-based supported intervention practices that address their developmental and criminogenic needs.

 

America’s addiction to juvenile incarceration: State by state. (n.d). Retrieved April 4, 2019 from https://www.aclu.org/issues/juvenile-justice/youth-incarceration/americas-addiction-juvenile-incarceration-state-state

This article focuses on which race is most likely to be incarcerated. In the article, it includes statistics and a map of all the 50 states to determine if incarceration has either increased or decreased. Looking at the map, it shows that black children are more likely to be incarcerated versus white children. From the statistics and percentages, 60,000 youth under the age of 18 are incarcerated in juvenile jails and prisons in the United States. It was very shocking to see how a juvenile under the age of 18 can be tried as an adult in states such as Virginia, Tennessee, Texas, and North Carolina. Out of the four states, Texas and North Carolina have the highest rate of youth under the age of 18 being housed into adult prisons. This article helps support my claim by explaining the effects of this cruel punishment among youth and which racial group is most likely to be targeted.

 

Aizer, A., Doyle, J.J. (2015). Juvenile incarceration, human capital, and future crime: Evidence from randomly-assigned judges. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(2), 759-803.

The journal article explains how juvenile incarceration rates are at an all-time high and the effects the rates have on high school graduation. Juvenile incarceration is expensive totaling $6 billion annually in the U.S. Over 130,000 juveniles are detained in the U.S. each year with 70,000 in detention. Juvenile incarceration can affect high school completion and future criminal activity, encouraging the accumulation of criminal capital. This article gives percentages and statistics on how high the numbers are rapidly increasing. Compared to other nations, the US has the highest youth incarceration rate, which was 336.0. The rates have then increased rapidly as well. The article gives a graphic chart on how many minorities are in imprisoned. It also states that 68% of racial minorities are incarcerated, while thousands are still awaiting a trial to be released. The information provided in this article will help illustrate how the incarceration rate has increased over time.

 

Langberg, J. (2013). Telling the Whole Truth about Juvenile Incarceration Rates. [Blog] Juvenile Justice Blog. Available at: http://juvenilejusticeblog.web.unc.edu/2013/03/26/telling-the-whole-truth-about-juvenile-incarceration-rates/ [Accessed 4 Apr. 2019].

This blog informs readers about the on-going issues of youth being imprisoned. Juvenile incarceration leads to a decrease in high school completion and increases the probability of future criminal behavior. It also discusses the harmful effects that incarceration has on both the parents and the youth. Many lawmakers are oblivious to this issue. Although youth incarceration is happening in all 50 states, the policymakers are concerned more about taxes and how much money it costs for these programs rather than caring about the youth. The Division of Juvenile Justice spent $11,327,783 on detention and $39,884,674 on YDCs. An attorney who shares her cases dealing with youth offenders created this blog. The attorney also goes into great detail about the effects she has seen her clients endure due to this punishment. The blog explains why youth are being incarcerated and why black males are being targeted the most in the criminal justice system. This blog will help me support how incarceration affects the taxpayers.

 

Vanderpyl, T. (2015). Easing reentry through employability skills training for incarcerated youth. Journal of Applied Juvenile Justice Services, 35(2) 41-57.

This article informs readers that incarcerated youth face the prospect of reentering the community with many obstacles to overcome. Youth who enter the criminal justice system face a long list of challenges. Once they exit the system, they are often primed for failure. It states that employment requirements are in the terms of their parole and if they fail to obtain and maintain employment, they may reenter the justice system instead of successfully reentering society. Although research shows that employment matters for a successful transition from incarceration back into the community, there is limited information on what programs have been instituted to impact post-incarceration employment positively. The article also focuses on the psychological damage to youth resulting from incarceration. The youth need employability skills such as effective communication, problem-solving, taking responsibility, and teamwork. The article will help me support how youth offenders should be supported to deter them from reentry into the criminal justice system.

 

Juvenile Detention Center. (n.d.). Retrieved April 4, 2019 from https://www.norfolk.gov/Index.aspx?NID=351

The Norfolk Juvenile Detention Center (NJDC) is located in Norfolk, VA. NJDC provides a variety of programs and services to meet the need of the youth who are detained. Their services are meant to provide public safety and provide appropriate services to prepare youth to re-enter the community. Youth at NJDC are provided an educational program by the Norfolk Public School system. This gives them the opportunity to gain academic credits, obtain their GED, and address other educational needs. Also, NJDC has committed to providing a post-dispositional program for juveniles. This program transitions the juveniles back into the community to live in a productive and safe manner. This website will help me to show that some juveniles are allowed to remain in their community being monitored using a GPS tracking system. This will support the claim that mentoring programs and building relationships with the parents of incarcerated juveniles serve as a support system for encouraging the youth to re-enter society and not return into the criminal justice system.