A primary article is an original research paper written by the scientists who actually carried out the study. These articles present new data that has not been published before and usually follow a
standard structure, including sections such as abstract, introduction, methods, results, and then discussion. The methods section is especially important because it explains how the study was
conducted, allowing other researchers to repeat the work. Primary articles report firsthand findings and because of this they are considered the most direct evidence in scientific literature.

In contrast, a review article does not present new experimental data but instead summarizes and analyzes many primary articles on a specific topic. Review articles help readers understand what the “big picture” is by pulling together existing research, identifying trends, and pointing out gaps that still need to be studied. These are particularly useful for students or scientists entering a new field, since they provide an overview of what is already known and where future research might actually go. While they are not original research themselves, review articles are valuable for building context and showing how different studies relate to one another.

The peer review process is basically the main quality control system before scientific publishing, and it involves several steps. First, when a researcher submits an article to a scholarly journal, the editor reads it to decide if it fits the point of the journal. If it does, the editor sends the paper to other scientists in the same field. These people are called peers or referees. These reviewers then carefully assess the article by asking questions. For example, what is the research about? Are the conclusions logical? Then, based on their assessment, reviewers recommend whether the article should be accepted, revised, or end up being rejected. Then, the editor makes the final decision, which requires the author to revise the work even if it is already approved. Rejection is also common. This process is slow and sometimes criticized, but it remains the main system that
keeps scientific research reliable.