Different Types of Yeast

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a budding yeast, is a useful model organism for investigating basic characteristics of eukaryotic cell biology. Fission yeast, or Schizosaccharomyces pombe, is a unicellular fungus and a model organism used to investigate cell cycle regulation and DNA replication. The yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe are used in brewing and baking. In addition, both serve as eukaryotic model organisms in molecular and cell biology. They’re single-celled fungus. Their reproductive processes, however, are distinct. Schizosaccharomyces pombe reproduces through fission, while Saccharomyces cerevisiae reproduces by budding. Schizosaccharomyces pombe is rod-shaped, whereas Saccharomyces cerevisiae is spherical to oval in form. They share genes with higher eukaryotes and have similar gene counts. The key difference is how they reproduce: Budding yeasts develop asymmetrically, whereas fission yeasts grow symmetrically. This distinction necessitates separate ways to segregate the genome and critical organelles during division. In bacteria and fungus, binary fission and budding are two different types of asexual reproduction. Prokaryotes are the most common hosts of binary fission. Budding is a process that occurs in eukaryotes. The major distinction between binary fission and budding is that in binary fission, the parent organism is divided into two daughter organisms by equally dividing the cytoplasm, but in budding, a new organism is generated by breaking out from the current organism. The first process that happens during binary fission is DNA replication which is how Schizosaccaromyces pombe reproduce. The single circular chromosome of bacteria becomes uncoiled and conducts replication after being tightly coiled prior to replication. Two chromosomes that have been duplicated migrate to opposing poles. The cell then expands in size. All of the components, such as ribosomes and plasmids, multiply. To divide the plasma membrane, the equatorial plate constricts. Between the divided cells, a new cell wall develops. Cytokinesis is the process of dividing the cytoplasm. The two freshly created cells have almost equal numbers of ribosomes, plasmids, and other cytoplasmic components. Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces a mother cell and a small daughter cell by asymmetric budding. for example, studies of the cell division cycle (Spellman et al. 1998), sporulation (Chu et al. 1998), and responses to various stresses (Singer 2010). Some of these data sets have continued to serve the burgeoning computational biology, systems biology, and bioinformatics communities, providing test beds for an array of increasingly sophisticated analytical methods (cf. Singer 2010).

After the discovery of marine yeasts in the Atlantic Ocean, yeasts were isolated from a variety of sources, including seawater, marine deposits, seaweeds, fish, marine animals, and sea birds.  Even marine yeasts that grew in a bone-like form exhibited surprising twists on old ideas. Most budding yeast cells develop into a single bud, and this singularity is considered to be important for ensuring accurate genome and cellular content segregation throughout division. Cryptococcus and Debaryomyces is unicellular budding yeast, which reproduce by mitotic division. Candida albicans is a yeast that reproduces by budding. Individual cells range in size from spherical to oval, measuring 3–8 m in diameter, or are filamentous. Both types are commonly seen in affected tissues. Rhodotorula is a budding yeast that is a frequent habitant of the environment. Soil, water, milk, fruit juice, and air samples can all be used to cultivate it. It has a remarkable ability to scavenge nitrogenous molecules from its surroundings, thriving even in air that has been thoroughly cleansed of all fixed nitrogen pollutants.

The fungus Aureobasidium pullulans produces pullulan from starch and  found in temperate and tropical environments, and is connected with a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic habitats. It’s a fungus that may develop in yeast-like cells. This fungus has the potential to be used in a variety of enzymes because of the little to none hydrogen bonding in its crystal state, pullulan differs from most polysaccharides in that it is easily water soluble. Tinea nigra is an uncommon non-invasive skin infection caused by H. werneckii. It’s a polymorphic fungus that can survive and adapt in settings with up to practically saturated NaCl solutions while still prospering in those without. Hortaea werneckii is a species of Hortaea. Both pullulan and H. werneckii are polymorphic fungus yeast. (Mitchison-Field, 2019) I would describe A. Pullulans is a football with three legs on one end of it, It has an oval-like head with 3 small oval-like circle legs attached to it. The H. werneckii takes the form of a pill with a long oval/rectangular shape. P. salicorniae is a  yeast cell and hyphal cell. I would describe it as a spider-like shape and it has wedges as well. K. petricola is mostly found in extreme areas and rock surfaces. Knufia petricola is shaped like a circular bead and it has a growing pattern that looks like multiple beads together. All four types of yeast grow in a pattern in a budding form and they all have 1 nuclei. The marine yeasts that stuck to one growth pattern revealed new twists on classic paradigms. Most budding yeast cells divide by making a single bud, and this singularity has been thought to be critical to ensure faithful segregation of the genome and cellular contents at division. (Mitchison-Field, 2019).  They demonstrate that the black yeast is active. Aureobasidium pullans disobeys this crucial norm in favor of growing frenzy. To develop Budding Fission, a single A. pullans cell goes through many nuclear divisions. S. cerevisiae is a kind of yeast. S. pombe is a kind of bacteria. Black yeasts from the sea H. werneckii A. pullulans P. salicorniae gives numerous opportunities to investigate a variety of fundamental aspects of yeast cell biology.

Source:

• Chu S., DeRisi J., Eisen M., Mulholland J., Botstein D., et al. , 1998.  The transcriptional program of sporulation in budding yeast. Science 282: 699–705
• Mitchison-Field, L. M. Y., Vargas-Muñiz, J. M., Stormo, B. M., Vogt, E. J. D., Van Dierdonck, S., Pelletier, J. F., Ehrlich, C., Lew, D. J., Field, C. M., & Gladfelter, A. S. (2019). Unconventional cell division cycles from marine-derived yeasts. Current Biology, 29(20). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.050
•  Singer, R. and Johnston, G., 1985. Growth and the DNA-division sequence in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Experimental Cell Research, 157(2), pp.387-396.