{"id":133,"date":"2024-01-16T17:30:14","date_gmt":"2024-01-16T17:30:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/cyberimpact1\/?page_id=133"},"modified":"2024-08-04T16:40:58","modified_gmt":"2024-08-04T16:40:58","slug":"it-cyse-200t-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/cbelf001\/it-cyse-200t-2\/","title":{"rendered":"CYSE201S"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cybersecurity and the Social Sciences<\/h1>\n

Within a social science framework, this course explores the social, political, legal, criminological, and economic aspects of cybersecurity. Students are introduced to a human-factors perspective concerning cybersecurity threats. It shines a light on all those social factors that contribute to cyber attacks as well as legal and political systems developed to manage the actions of those who create risks and incidents. Moreover, this course looks into the different social science fields and their approach in cybersecurity.<\/p>\n

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Journal Entries<\/h1>\n
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Module 14<\/span> Journal Entry<\/span> –<\/span> Watch the vid<\/span>eo about a Digital For<\/span>ensic Investigator giving a TedTalk <\/span>and<\/span> think<\/span> about<\/span> how<\/span> the<\/span> career<\/span> of<\/span> digital<\/span> forensics<\/span> investigators<\/span> relate<\/span> to<\/span> the<\/span> social <\/span>sciences.<\/span> Write a journal entry describing what you think about the speaker\u2019s pa<\/span>thway to his <\/span>career<\/span>.<\/span><\/strong>

The career of a digital forensics investigator is related to the world of<\/span> forensic science<\/span> and social <\/span>science<\/span>. As a matter of fact, it focuses on the process of the collection, analysis, and reporting of <\/span>different electronic data that can be used for law enforcement, thus be<\/span>ing presented in <\/span>courtrooms, for example<\/span>.<\/span> The<\/span> career of a digital forensics investigator<\/span> i<\/span>s also strictly conveyed <\/span>through social science. Digital forensics involves the handling of sensitive information. For t<\/span>his <\/span>reason, it is crucial for them to understand the ethical implications, such as data privacy and <\/span>ethical treatment<\/span>.<\/span> To add to this, investigators need to familiarize themselves with the societal <\/span>impacts cybercrime has on society as a whole and on indivi<\/span>duals. Another reason for its <\/span>connection with social science is the understanding of criminal behavior, which is a branch of <\/span>social science<\/span>.<\/span> Knowing the factors that push individuals to commit criminal activity is key to their <\/span>investigations. Moreover, a d<\/span>igital forensics investigator also needs to adhere to some, if not all, <\/span>social science principles such as skepticism, relativism, ethical neutrality (briefly mentioned <\/span>above), objectivity, etc<\/span>.<\/span> All these social science principles are key social science fac<\/span>tors that can <\/span>significantly impact the outcome and process of an investigation. Investigators need to be <\/span>objective and ethically neutral in order to conduct a non<\/span>–<\/span>biased investigation and must only stick <\/span>to the data found, leaving aside personal beliefs<\/span>.<\/span> R<\/span>elativism is a principle that proposes the <\/span>following statement: all things are related. What this means is that in an investigation, the social <\/span>context and how it impacts behavioral dynamics are very important. Investigators must also be <\/span>skeptical about th<\/span>eir abilities and investigations<\/span>.<\/span> This skepticism is another important aspect. This <\/span>principle enables<\/span> in<\/span>v<\/span>estigators<\/span> to question the validity of the information found, providing a more <\/span>detailed investigation and therefore avoiding hasty conclusions. Davin Teo, a digit<\/span>al forensic <\/span>investigator, gave a TedTalk talking about how he was introduced to the world of digital forensics<\/span>. <\/span>Davin Teo started his career in the accounting field. However, the company Teo worked for was <\/span>looking for an IT person to help with their networ<\/span>ks. That\u2019s when Davin decided to take his <\/span>chances and delve into the world of IT<\/span>.<\/span> With time, Davin became more familiar with and interested <\/span>in IT (information technology), reviewing many opportunities. One of the biggest opportunities <\/span>Davin received was on<\/span>e from a company in Australia, the first national digital forensic practice, <\/span>which was starting a new team<\/span>.<\/span> During his TedTalk, Davin points out how the advancements in <\/span>technology have changed the efficiency of his work as a digital forensics investigator.<\/span> In the past, a <\/span>simple job like the one we would define now, like collecting data, for example, would take a very <\/span>long time<\/span>.<\/span> Whereas now, with the new technologies, this process takes less time, increasing the <\/span>efficiency of investigations. A very interesti<\/span>ng aspect of his TedTalk is the incorporation of one of <\/span>his case studies, which, even if anonymized for obvious reasons, gives a general sense of what a <\/span>digital forensics investigator does<\/span>.<\/span> I think that Davin Teo\u2019s career pathway is truly fascinating. He <\/span>s<\/span>tarted his career as a simple, respected accountant only to risk his future and satisfy his desire to <\/span>grow professionally and understand the realm of IT. This, like he says, turned out to be one of his <\/span>best decisions, allowing him to make out of digital fo<\/span>rensics a successful career in the field of <\/span>cybersecurity<\/span>.<\/span> This, in my opinion, shows the immense opportunities within the cybersecurity <\/span>realm and the importance of taking risks. His path is truly inspirational. The way he talks about his <\/span>work shows the pa<\/span>ssion and dedication he has for his profession and the value of commitment, <\/span>which enhances professional performance<\/span>.<\/span> All extremely valuable things. Throughout the course, <\/span>we\u2019ve looked at different modules about cybersecurity and its relationship with the s<\/span>ocial <\/span>sciences. One module that particularly helped me understand the type of cybersecurity career I <\/span>want to pursue was the one talking about the different cybersecurity careers<\/span>.<\/span> One specific career <\/span>that I found captivating was that of a digital forensics<\/span> investigator. Like Davin says, there are many <\/span>responsibilities and duties a digital forensics investigator must comply with, and their skills are in <\/span>high demand. In fact, Davin was able to make the most of them and work in the field for almost 20 <\/span>years<\/span>.<\/span> La<\/span>stly, the pathway to his career shows how important having certain skills is since it <\/span>allowed him to completely change his work path. Personally, I think that learning about his <\/span>experience can be of great help for all those cybersecurity students like myse<\/span>lf who want to <\/span>pursue a career in the field, and that sometimes taking risks can be very rewarding<\/span>.<\/span><\/div>\n
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Module 12 Journal Entry – Andriy Slynchuk has described eleven things <\/span>Internet users do that may be illegal. Review what the author says and write <\/span>a journal entry describing the five most serious violations and why you think <\/span>those offenses are serious.<\/span><\/strong>

In the article \u201c11 Illegal Things You Unknowingly Do Online,” Andriy Slynchuk d<\/span>escribes eleven <\/span>things that internet users do that may be illegal:<\/span><\/div>\n

1.<\/span> Using unofficial streaming services<\/span>
2.<\/span> Using Torret Services<\/span>
3.<\/span> Using copyrighted image<\/span>
4.<\/span> Sharing passwords, photos, or addresses of others<\/span>
5.<\/span> Bullying and trolling<\/span>
6.<\/span> Recording a VoIP call without consent<\/span>
7.<\/span> Faking your identity online<\/span>
8.<\/span> Using other people\u2019s internet networks<\/span>
9.<\/span> Collecting information about children<\/span>
10.<\/span> Extracting audio from YouTube<\/span>
11.<\/span> Illegal searches on the internet<\/span><\/div>\n

All these are illegal actions that should be completely avoided, and most importantly, there should <\/span>be a very clear explanation for their avoidance. Knowing what is allowed and prohibited is crucial <\/span>to preventing issues of any type. While some of the eleven things may not be as serious as others, <\/span>none should be taken lightly.<\/span><\/div>\n

For example, viewing free online content is very risky since most of the time these websites lack <\/span>protection, making it easy for our identities to be stolen within seconds. In addition, searching for <\/span>movies online is considered a copyright violation, which one can face legal action for. In fact, using <\/span>torrent services and accessing copyrighted material for free is against the law. Furthermore, <\/span>sharing passwords, addresses, or photos without the owner\u2019s permission is illegal; these types of <\/span>information belon<\/span>g to their owner and can\u2019t be used or shared without their consent. A huge <\/span>phenomenon is bullying and trolling. Bullying people online and taking advantage of them is very <\/span>easy. Anyone can hide their true identity behind a fake profile and say or do whatever they want. <\/span>This, in my opinion, is a very dangerous act that could lead to severe repercussions, like jail time,<\/span>for example. Faking identity online is another huge issue. One can pretend to have a different <\/span>name, age, gender, interests, etc. just to get inside the minds of vulnerable individuals and deceive <\/span>them.<\/span><\/div>\n

I would say that the following five are the worst violations out of the eleven:<\/span><\/div>\n

1.<\/span> Sharing passwords, addresses, or photos of others<\/span>
2.<\/span> Bullying and trolling<\/span>
3.<\/span> Recording a VoIP call without their consent<\/span>
4.<\/span> Faking Identity<\/span>
5.<\/span> Collecting information about people younger than 13.<\/span><\/p>\n
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The five most serious violations I chose, in my opinion, could all fall under the category of cyber <\/span>victimization. I believe that targeting innocent people online by sharing their private information <\/span>and photos, bullying them, recording them without their consent, faking identities to deceive <\/span>individuals, and collecting information about children should all be considered very seriously. I <\/span>can\u2019t even count the number of stories I\u2019ve hear<\/span>d about young children or women who take their <\/span>lives because of other people\u2019s actions\u2014<\/span>deciding to post intimate photos, for example, or bullying <\/span>individuals because of their appearance. The most horrendous thing about all this, however, is <\/span>collecting information about children. They are unaware of the things that can happen to them <\/span>and aren\u2019t mature enough to understand the dangers and protect themselves. Moreover, <\/span>recording people without their consent is truly crazy. How would these criminals feel if every <\/span>aspect of their personal lives was shared with millions and millions of people? To answer that <\/span>question, they wouldn\u2019t like it at all. Recording people without consent is a horrible thing. The <\/span>victims of such illegalities might see photos of themselves online in compromising situations, <\/span>negatively impacting the way family, friends, and colleagues view their lives.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Lastly, I think that the article provides valuable information on how to stay safe online. Limiting <\/span>the information we share, creating strong passwords, and browsing incognito are all good <\/span>methods to prevent unwanted situations. The article gives solid, straight-forward information <\/span>about what is illegal and raises awareness among people while also providing advice.<\/span><\/div>\n
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Module 11 Journal Entry 2 – Read this article<\/span><\/strong>
https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cybersecurity\/article\/7\/1\/tyab007\/6168453?login=tru<\/span><\/strong>e. and write a summary reaction to the use of the policies in your journal. Focus <\/span><\/strong>primarily on the literature review and the discussion of the findings.<\/span><\/strong>

The article \u201cHacking for Good: Leveraging HackerOne Data to Develop an Economic Model of Bug <\/span>Bounties\u201d discusses BugBounty programs (programs where organizat<\/span>ions, software developers, <\/span>and websites offer compensation for identifying bugs) and their effectiveness in strengthening <\/span>cybersecurity. It also discusses the significant role Big Bounties have in exposing vulnerabilities <\/span>missed by internal teams, as well as the role economic incentives have in motivating white-hat <\/span>hackers to design efficient security measures.<\/span><\/div>\n

The article focuses on the discussion of the findings, going through all the dynamics of the policies <\/span>as well as discussing the factors that influence the participation of white-hat hackers. The program <\/span>age is a crucial aspect impacting future developments and the simplicity of finding weaknesses. It <\/span>also focuses on the role industries play. Some sectors encounter more vulnerabilities than others, <\/span>becoming more prone to risks. This is also due to the difficulty in finding the right people who are <\/span>educated and have adequate skills in the field of cybersecurity. In addition, the credibility of the <\/span>findings is provided thanks to the use of strategies that enhance big-bounty approaches. These <\/span>studies propose different methods for the future while looking at long-term sustainability and <\/span>refining models to predict program configurations.<\/span><\/div>\n
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From<\/span> a<\/span> literary point<\/span> of<\/span> view, the<\/span> article<\/span> focuses on<\/span> literary aspects by highlighting the <\/span>misguidence of preceding research and by providing a greater understanding of bugs. Moreover, it <\/span>discusses the importance of using traditional security measures and highlights the role of <\/span>economic<\/span> incentives<\/span> to<\/span> show<\/span> how<\/span> bug<\/span> bounty<\/span> draws<\/span> attention<\/span> and<\/span> clings<\/span> onto<\/span> qualified <\/span>researchers.<\/span><\/div>\n

Overall, thanks to the data provided by HackerOne, the article provides a great insight into <\/span>BugBounties in order to look at the impact it has on information security. Through the analysis of <\/span>factors like Bounty amounts, program age, and private and public program dynamics, the article <\/span>clarifies the difficulties of Bounty systems. Furthermore, it considers solid techniques to establish <\/span>casual relationships and calculate the effects the program has on vulnerabilities.<\/span><\/div>\n
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Lastly, I found this article very informative. HackerOne data provides a valuable explanation of the <\/span>dynamics of bug bounty. With the evolution of the cyber world, our security and combat methods <\/span>must evolve with them. The economic model developed underscores the successes of bug bounty <\/span>for improving cybersecurity and points out the importance of investments in the field.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Module 11 Journal Entry 1<\/span> –<\/span> Read the sample breach letter<\/span> \u201cSAMPLE DATA BREACH<\/span><\/strong>
NOTIFICATION\u201d<\/span> and describe how two different economics theories and two different social <\/span><\/strong>sciences theories relate to the letter.<\/span><\/strong>

The sample data breach notification letter is a letter sent out by a business that has an online <\/span>website, www.glasswasherparts.com, to inform a customer regarding their identity theft. Some <\/span>intruders placed malware on the platform\u2019s provider\u2019s servers and managed to gain access to <\/span>customers\u2019s payment card data. Information like their first and last name, address, phone nu<\/span>mber, <\/span>and credit card numbers were involved. In addition, out of all the different economic and social <\/span>theories, I would say that the ones that best relate to the letter are the laissez-faire theory and the <\/span>Marxian theory. Laissez-faire economic theory suggests that governments should not intervene in <\/span>the economy except to protect individuals\u2019s inalienable rights. This is very relatable to the sample <\/span>data breach notification letter. What makes the theory relatable is the fact that the customer, the <\/span>victim of the attack, was informed with extreme delay about the occurrence due to the ongoing <\/span>investigation. This perfectly describes the theory since it allowed for the investigation to proceed <\/span>without immediate public announcements. The other economic theory that relates to the letter is <\/span>the Marxian theory. According to Marxian theory, those with power exploit those without power <\/span>for economic gain. Moreover, the theory also highlights the fact that these individuals are more in <\/span>danger than the ones who have the power. The individual in this case is completely powerless. <\/span>There is nothing the individual could have done to prevent this. The customer, in situations like <\/span>this, is impotent, making him an easier target. Moving onto social science, I would relate the letter <\/span>to objectivity and ethical neutrality. Objectivity refers to the study of topics in a value-free <\/span>manner. In this case, the customer is being informed about the breach in a clear and detailed way,<\/span>without bias or influence. It sticks to proven information and is free from suppositional language. <\/span>Lastly, it also reinforces ethical neutrality. When conducting research, it is important to adhere to <\/span>ethical standards. The letter relates to ethical neutrality because its aim is to inform the victim <\/span>about the i<\/span>ncident and advise the victim on how to stay safe. The letter doesn\u2019t blame anyone for <\/span>the breach; it\u2019s only informative.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Module 10 Journal Entry 2 – Read the following and write a journal entry summarizing your response to <\/span>the article on social cybersecurity.<\/span><\/strong>

\u2018Social Cybersecurity: An Emerging National Requirement\u2019 is an article written by Kathleen Carley and David <\/span>Beskow. It examines the new emerging field of social cybersecurity as well as its impacts and how it <\/span>differentiates itself from \u2018traditional\u2019 cybersecurity. Social cybersecurity is defined as a subdomain of <\/span>national security. A subdomain that will bring major changes in the future, especially in future conflicts. <\/span>Moreover, this discipline focuses on the scientific study and analysis of cyber changes and the way they <\/span>affect social, political, cultural, and behavioral human aspects. The article also mentions some prominent <\/span>personalities, like Dmitry Kiselev, coordinator at the Russian State Agency for International News, who said <\/span>that in this day and age, the main types of wars are information wars. As a matter of fact, all the power can <\/span>be applied to the divulgence of information; however, the outcome might be similar to the famous <\/span>Blitzkrieg of WWII. Like I previously mentioned, social cybersecurity is very different in comparison to the <\/span>traditional one. In fact, in opposition to this last one, which uses technology to hack other technology, it <\/span>uses individuals to \u2018hack\u2019 oth<\/span>er individuals. Information warfare is a great ally since it can be used against <\/span>opponents to make them weaker and create conflicts between NATO allies, for example. Moreover, despite <\/span>the fact that geography had a very important role in the past, that does<\/span>n’t mean that now it doesn\u2019t (think <\/span>about the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean for America, for example). However, the importance is now moving <\/span>towards the human domain. The article also mentions BEND, a framework that describes different methods <\/span>and research areas to address threats in the social domain. By following this framework, organizations can <\/span>improve their defensive measures and respond to complications in the social domain. <\/span><\/div>\n
To conclude, as I <\/span>reflect on this article, I understand even more the impact social cybersecurity has on our society. Seeing the <\/span>power it has acquired and the one it continues to acquire is mind-blowing, especially since it is also an <\/span>important part of the political world. So much so that it is being described like<\/span> the Blitzkrieg. It\u2019s<\/span> so potent <\/span>that it\u2019s even becoming a bigger threat to all those relationships established between countries.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Module 10 Journal Entry 1 – Watch this video. As you watch the video, think about how the <\/span>description of the cybersecurity analyst job relates to social behaviors. Write a journal entry <\/span>describing social themes that arise in the presentation.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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In the video \u2018What Does a Cybersecurity Analyst Do? Salaries, Skills, and Job Outlook\u2019, Nicole Enesse <\/span>explains the duties and responsibilities of cybersecurity analysts as well as the places one can work in, how <\/span>much one can earn, the path to take to become one, and future predictions. Essentially, the duties a <\/span>cybersecurity analyst has are the responsibility to monitor, respond, and defend a network from any kind of <\/span>cyber attack. In addition, their role is to also provide individuals with advice and training to enhance user <\/span>awareness. Despite that, the role of a cybersecurity analyst can vary from company to company. The great <\/span>thing about working as an analyst is the fact that there are plenty of opportunities. Every organization, <\/span>whether it\u2019s strictly connected with the field of cybersecurity or not, needs someone as skilled as a <\/span>cybersecurity specialist being an essential part of the company. As concerns salaries, like Nicole suggests, <\/span>places such as Dallas, Washington, DC, Boston, Atlanta, and New York pay the highest. In Washington, D.C., <\/span>for example, it is possible to earn around $117.000. That being said, for all those in the cybersecurity field <\/span>who are considering pursuing a career as a cybersecurity analysts, the cost of living is something to take <\/span>into consideration. Furthermore, when it comes to certifications, CYSA+, for example, is a good recognition <\/span>of the skills one has as well as a degree in IT or computer science. Internships, immersing oneself in the <\/span>more technical aspects of cybersecurity, and making as many experiences as possible are great ways to <\/span>grow personally and career-wise. Moreover, having a solid and well-organized resume is the key to making <\/span>an outstanding impression on employers. The field of cybersecurity, more specifically, cyber analysts in this <\/span>case, has great predictions for the future, with a growth rate of 31%. Finally, yet importantly, I found the <\/span>video very interesting because not only does it provide all the information one needs to embark on the <\/span>cyber journey, but there are also social themes that arise in the presentation. Diversity and inclusivity is a <\/span>very important social theme, in my opinion, because it encourages individuals to believe in their abilities <\/span>and pursue careers in the field without fear of being rejected. Another theme is the social and economic <\/span>aspects. The job of a cybersecurity analyst has a good salary, but individuals must take into consideration <\/span>things like the cost of living. Earning a lot of money and spending it all on rent,<\/span> for example, wouldn\u2019t be <\/span>ideal. Overall, I really enjoyed watching this video because it gave me some more information on the topic, <\/span>and I appreciated the fact that Nicole Enesse gave us advice on things to consider beside degrees and <\/span>certifications.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Module 9 Journal Entry – Watch the Following Video. Then, complete the Social Media Disorder <\/span>scale. How did you score? What do you think about the items in the scale? Why do you think <\/span>that different patterns are found across the world?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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I would describe Dave as obsessed with social media. In fact, I don\u2019t like when pe<\/span>ople around me post every <\/span>single bit about their day because I think, What\u2019s the point? Is it really worth it? Why would someone risk <\/span>being targeted or having someone close to them targeted due to the lack of privacy? The more we share <\/span>online about our lives, the higher the chance of being a victim of a cyberattack. When we do that, we are <\/span>making it 10 times easier for a hacker to do whatever they wish with our data, and that is far from being <\/span>okay. Like the video shows us, Dave is the kind of person who, with his carelessness and lack of thinking, <\/span>puts at risk not only himself but an entire organization. Looking at the \u2018Social Media Disorder Scale’, I\u2019ve <\/span>realized even more the power social media has on us. Although I use social media, I wouldn\u2019t describe <\/span>my<\/span>self as someone who\u2019s addicted to it.<\/span>
Here are my scores:<\/span>
1)<\/span> NO<\/span>
2)<\/span> NO<\/span>
3)<\/span> YES<\/span>
4)<\/span> YES<\/span>
5)<\/span> NO<\/span>
6)<\/span> NO<\/span>
7)<\/span> NO<\/span>
8)<\/span> YES<\/span>
9)<\/span> YES<\/span>
In all honesty, I was expecting more yes’s, but luckily, with time, I\u2019ve learned to prioritize things like going <\/span>out with friends, family, or practicing my hobbies. At the end of the day, social medi<\/span>a won\u2019t go anywhere <\/span>and is available at all times, whereas spending time with the people you love and doing what makes you <\/span>happy isn\u2019t something we\u2019ll always be able to experience. In addition, the items on the scale show different <\/span>problems caused by social media, which, in my opinion, are very dangerous. The fact that we are letting <\/span>social media take up so much of our lives isn\u2019t good, and what makes it even more disappointing is the fact <\/span>that we are the first ones responsible for this. We shouldn\u2019t give so<\/span>cial media the importance we are <\/span>currently giving it because it\u2019s destroying our mental health and the relationships we have with our loved <\/span>ones. Lastly, to answer the final question, I believe that different patterns are found across the world for <\/span>several reasons, such as cultural differences (not all countries have the same awareness when it comes to <\/span>cybersecurity), different laws and regulations that influence cybersecurity, political reasons, and economic <\/span>conditions.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Module 8 Journal Entry – Watch these videos and pay attention to the way that movies distort <\/span>hackers. After watching these videos, write a journal entry about how you think the media <\/span>influences our understanding about cybersecurity. Has this understanding changed over time? <\/span>What is different in the older pieces of media vs more current media?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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In the first video, we can see how an internationally recognized security analyst, author, researcher, and <\/span>speaker named Keren Elazari goes through some movie hacking scenes and gives her experienced opinion <\/span>on them. In most of the hacking scenes, we can see how, due to the lack of experience in the cybersecurity <\/span>field, they show an altered and unreal reality of how hackers work. Most of the time, they show bad OPSEC <\/span>(operational security), invented words to make something sound \u201ccooler\u201d mixe<\/span>d with realistic cybersecurity <\/span>terms, mapping tools, and protocols such as SSH NUKE, credential stuffing, Wi-Fi pineapple, etc. In the <\/span>second video, Samy Kamkar, a computer hacker and co-founder of Open Path Security, talks about other <\/span>hacking scenes. In the movie X-Files, for example, they print out an encrypted code. In the real <\/span>cybersecurity world, this is pointless because most of the characters present in a file wouldn’t be visible. In <\/span>another movie scene, they try to destroy a hard drive by using magnets and a microwave, which could be <\/span>\u201cgood\u201d ways to destroy a hard drive. Other scenes show a denial<\/span>-of-service attack. Usually, this type of <\/span>attack doesn\u2019t use manipulative methods like altering a web browser; instead, it brings down a system that <\/span>isn\u2019t sh<\/span>own in the movie clip. In another clip, we can see the use of a device called MagSpoof, which is a <\/span>very efficient and real cybersecurity method (an electromagnet that creates a magnetic field). The third and <\/span>final video shows movie clips that use 3D images<\/span> when, in reality, that doesn\u2019t occur. As a matter of fact, <\/span>we can see a lot of codes and text, but never 3D images. A movie called \u2018The Italian Job’, for example, <\/span>shows the process of traffic light hacking. This is a very possible thing since most traffic light systems are <\/span>internet-controlled. Furthermore, in another clip, we can see a program called XKEYSCORE. This allows the <\/span>surveillance, search, and analysis of global data. All these movie clips have proven the power media has in <\/span>influencing people, mak<\/span>ing them believe things that don\u2019t necessarily correspond to reality. Like we\u2019ve <\/span>seen, many movies, both older and newer ones, show false methods and hacking mechanisms to make a <\/span>certain scene look more intriguing and thought-provoking, only for the sake of the movie. However, these <\/span>fake scenes can be easily spotted by a more experienced eye. Despite the fact that to this day many movies <\/span>show a distorted hacking reality, I think that there is a lot more awareness and understanding of what <\/span>should be considered real and fake, especially because with the non-stop advances in technology, people <\/span>are learning new ways to keep themselves safe and, therefore, are more informed on the topic. In short, <\/span>nowadays, there is more awareness in the cybersecurity field. As a matter of fact, the main difference I’ve <\/span>encountered between the older pieces of media and the newer ones is the increasing threats in <\/span>cybersecurity that are pushing individuals to learn more about online security. Also, newer media shows <\/span>different<\/span> tools<\/span> that<\/span> help<\/span> combat<\/span> threats<\/span> and<\/span> advises<\/span> people<\/span> to<\/span> use<\/span> several<\/span> methods<\/span> to<\/span> prevent <\/span>cyberattacks. To conclude, I think that overall, the media is much more informed and acts as a tool to raise <\/span>cyberawareness amongst people.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Module 6 Journal Entry – We have many misconceptions about cybersecurity. Here, hackers tell <\/span>you about some of our misconceptions. What personal misconceptions did you have before you <\/span>started to study cybersecurity? Have those been proven right or wrong?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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Before I started studying cybersecurity, I had many misconceptions regarding this field. In fact, I <\/span>wasn\u2019t as familiar as I am now with all the different types of risks involving cybercrime, and <\/span>therefore, I never thought of the idea of a random individual being a target. As a result, I always <\/span>thought that an individual with a low profile wouldn\u2019t be at risk, that being safe online is not our <\/span>responsibility, and that using public Wi-Fi anywhere is risk-free. In reality, diving into the world of <\/span>cybersecurity, I\u2019ve learned that all those misconceptions I once had don\u2019t correspond to the reality <\/span>of cybersecurity. According to an article titled \u2018Research Shows 25% of Travelers Hacked Via Public <\/span>Wi-<\/span>Fi While Abroad\u2019, it is in fact possible<\/span> to be a victim of cybercrime even for doing things that <\/span>may seem \u201csmall\u201d and “innocuous,\u201d like using a public Wi<\/span>-Fi, for example. This article talks about <\/span>research conducted by NordVPN, a cybersecurity company, which revealed that one in four <\/span>travelers has been hacked while using public Wi-Fi. This event shouldn’t be underestimated. Using <\/span>public Wi-Fi in public places like airports, for example, is a very common mistake because of the <\/span>lack of information amongst people on things like cybercrime. Hackers can set up Wi-Fi spots <\/span>wherever they wish, and as soon as someone connects to them, hackers can access all types of <\/span>personal data about you. <\/span>In my opinion, this is a huge problem because not only can they handle <\/span>our own sensitive information, but they can also threaten us with it, leading to even worse <\/span>scenarios. In addition, I realized that most of the time, our activity online is a factor that could <\/span>contribute to and push hackers to target a certain individual instead of another. This is explained <\/span>in an article titled<\/span> \u2018Don\u2019t click that link! How criminals access your digital devices and what <\/span>happens when they<\/span> do\u2019. Even though a lot of times we don\u2019t do anything to deserve an attack, <\/span>some people misbehave online, meaning that they don\u2019t pay attention to click<\/span>-bait titles, sketchy <\/span>links, or accepting famous cookie pop-ups. Believe it or not, a hacker can swipe all of your <\/span>information in a matter of seconds. For this reason, it is crucial that we examine our actions very <\/span>carefully. One wrong click can lead to serious consequences! Thankfully, studying cybersecurity <\/span>and getting to know all the possible ways of attacking and defending oneself has helped me <\/span>incredibly, and all the misconceptions I had proved me wrong. <\/span>To conclude, I believe that we <\/span>should all be more cautious with our actions, learn how to avoid unwanted situations, use <\/span>firewalls, and be responsible about what kind of information we decide to make public.<\/span><\/div>\n
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Module 5 Journal Entry – Review the articles linked with each individual motive.\u00a0 Rank the motives from 1 to 7 as the motives that you think make the most sense (being 1) to the least sense (being 7).\u00a0 Explain why you rank each motive the way you rank it.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Unfortunately, the motives that push individuals to make unethical choices on the internet are several. As a <\/span>matter of fact, many people commit cybercrime for reasons like:<\/span><\/div>\n

\uf02d<\/span> Entertainment<\/span>
\uf02d<\/span> Boredom<\/span>
\uf02d<\/span> Political<\/span>
\uf02d<\/span> Revenge<\/span>
\uf02d<\/span> Recognition<\/span>
\uf02d<\/span> Money<\/span>
\uf02d<\/span> Multiple Reasons<\/span><\/div>\n

All these motives have been presented to us in several different articles. According to the \u201cMan Behind<\/span>
LinedIn Scraping\u201d article, 700 million users saw all their data being out in the<\/span> open. After some<\/span>
investigations, authorities found the culprit to be a man who stated that he had committed this crime for<\/span>
pure fun. Despite that, the data he stole from those 700 million users was being sold.<\/span><\/div>\n

The \u201cNew generation of angry and youthful hackers joins the \u2018hacktivism\u2019 wave\u201d article addresses the use <\/span>of cybercrime for political reasons. This article talks about the emergence of new-generation hackers who <\/span>are joining the hacktivism wave to raise awareness about political issues, encourage change, expose <\/span>politicians, etc.<\/span><\/div>\n
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Another article, \u201cRevenge Porn Victims in Wales,\u201d addresses the third motive, revenge. Revenge porn has <\/span>always been a big case, a crime often committed by ex-partners or complete strangers with the intent of <\/span>extortion or as a form of trolling. In Northern Wales, there have been 21 cases of image-based sexual <\/span>abuse. Moreover, the scary thing about this is that with the help of AI, criminals can fake pornography, <\/span>making these cases even bigger.<\/span><\/div>\n

The fourth motive, boredom, is also another reason that pushes individuals to commit cybercrime. Young<\/span>
children interact online without being supervised, increasing their risk of being exposed to cybercriminals. <\/span>In addition, they find ways to entertain themselves and interact with people online, making them easy <\/span>targets for cyberbullying, grooming, etc.<\/span><\/div>\n

Recogn<\/span>ition, the fifth motive, is another reason for cybercrime. The \u201c8<\/span>-month suspended sentence for <\/span>script kiddie\u201d article talks about the case of Bradley Niblock, a man who launched a distributed denial of <\/span>service (DDoS) against the website of the Labor Party days before elections.<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u201cSex, drugs, and toilet rolls\u201d is the title of an article that talks about money and how cybercriminals feel the <\/span>need to commit crimes and earn as much as possible. As a result, entry-level hackers can make up to <\/span>$42,000, mid-level hackers up to $900.000, and high-earning hackers up to $2 million a year.<\/span><\/p>\n
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As well as recognition, money, boredom, entertainment, politics, and revenge, there are also other reasons <\/span>that incite cybercriminals to commit crimes. Just like the \u201cWhat drives hackers to a life of cybercrime?\u201d <\/span>article suggests, psychological factors and technical skills drive hackers to act unthically and unlawfully. <\/span><\/div>\n
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Personally, after having read all the different articles talking about the several motives that incite hackers <\/span>to commit cybercrime, I<\/span>\u2019<\/span>ve made my own list, ranking each motive from 1 to 7 as the motives that I think <\/span>make the most sense.<\/span><\/div>\n
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1.<\/span> Money<\/span><\/strong>
Like we\u2019ve learned, even an amateur hakcer can earn a very good amount of money by simply doing what <\/span>they know best. This allows them to have a very good lifestyle and be more drawn to committing crimes, <\/span>bigger each time, so that they can keep on living a great lifestyle and earn an absurd amount of money.<\/span><\/div>\n

2.<\/span> Political<\/span><\/strong>
Everyone has different beliefs, and whe<\/span>n they don\u2019t match with the rest of the people, the need to \u201copen\u201d <\/span>people\u2019s eyes and show them a different perspective is very tempting. Not only that, it is also a way to <\/span>make people more aware of a potential corrupt figure in the political world.<\/span><\/div>\n

3.<\/span> Revenge<\/span><\/strong>
This is a very common motive since people online, like ex-partners, might want to expose you on the <\/span>internet to get revenge. In addition, it is also a very serious matter when one\u2019s identity and intimacy get out <\/span>in the open. This could scar someone for life and produce severe problems.<\/span><\/div>\n
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4.<\/span> Recognition<\/span><\/strong>
Some people lack recognition in their real lives from relatives or friends, and being able to show the world <\/span>t<\/span>heir skills and capabilities is a way of making them feel recognized for something they\u2019ve accomplished.<\/span><\/div>\n

5.<\/span> Entertainment<\/span><\/strong>
Some individuals are just in search of a way to have fun and get involved in illicit online activities that allow <\/span>them to feel entertained.<\/span><\/div>\n

6.<\/span> Boredom<\/span><\/strong>
I would rank boredom sixth since it\u2019s a motive that goes hand<\/span>-in-hand with entertainment. The lack of <\/span>direction in people\u2019s lives leads them to look for diversion elsewhere. In this case, the internet.<\/span><\/div>\n

7.<\/span> Multiple Reasons<\/span><\/strong>
Although there are many possible reasons for individuals to engage in illicit online behavior, I would rank <\/span>this motive last simply because it lacks specificity. On top of that, I think that the motives ranked above are <\/span>more accurate and based on concrete events.<\/span><\/div>\n
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To conclude, I consider these motives to be very severe because many people could get badly hurt due to <\/span>their poor actions or other people\u2019s ones. We must find a way to avoid all these problems and, therefore, <\/span>protect ourselves against any dangerous situations.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Module 4 Journal Entry – Review Maslow\u2019s Hierarchy of Needs and explain how each level relates to your experiences with technology.\u00a0 Give specific examples of how your digital experiences relate to each level of need.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Maslow\u2019s Hierarchy of Needs is a theory that puts human needs<\/span> into five categories, from basic needs to <\/span>psychological needs and self-fulfillment needs such as food, water, warmth, rest, safety, intimate <\/span>relationships, feeling accomplishments, and achieving one\u2019s full potential. According to Maslow\u2019s Hierarchy, <\/span>our behavior is determined by our needs, and our needs can change over time.<\/span><\/div>\n
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I think that nowadays, this psychological theory is applicable in the cyber world since technology has <\/span>majorly evolved and nearly everything that surrounds us is strictly connected to technology. In the case of <\/span>technology, I think that the basic needs like food, water, warmth, and rest can be associated with a good <\/span>internet connection and all-time access to any online source since these are the main steps to navigate <\/span>online. I consider this need to be very important because if we want to feel like part of something without <\/span>being afraid of \u201cstaying behind,\u201d we need to have a good internet connection and all<\/span>-time access. <\/span><\/div>\n
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Safety is another basic need. As I previously mentioned, whether we like it or not, the internet is taking <\/span>over a big part of our lives, and the only thing we can do is adapt. Moreover, as people working or studying <\/span>in the cybersecurity world, we must find improved safety measures. When I w<\/span>as younger and wasn\u2019t as <\/span>familiar as I am now with technology, I made a few mistakes that led to my computer being infected, and <\/span>that is due to the lack of safety. In fact, to avoid these kinds of security problems, we must be more <\/span>cautious and find more suitable solutions.<\/span><\/div>\n
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Maslow\u2019s Hierarchy also mentions the need for belongingness and love. Just like it happens in the real <\/span>world, humans feel the need to love, feel loved, and belong to someone, which are things that can be easily <\/span>achieved with technology. As a result, many people install apps in the hopes of finding a friend or a partner, <\/span>and social media is a way of connecting with people and growing relationships that satisfy their needs. The <\/span>internet has helped me reconnect with some childhood friends, giving me the possibility to reinstall a good <\/span>relationship with them.<\/span><\/div>\n

Esteem is the fourth need mentioned in Maslow\u2019s hierarchy. I consider this need to be very connected with <\/span>the cyberworld. This is because we can post our achievements and announce them publicly. By doing so, <\/span>we encourage people to interact with our posts, compliment each other, and give words of <\/span>encouragement. Although I can see why many people post certain accomplishments, this need doesn\u2019t <\/span>re<\/span>sonate with me because I\u2019m of the idea that keeping things to oneself is better most of the time.<\/span><\/p>\n
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The last need in the hierarchy is self-actualization, which stands at the top of the pyramid. Being able to <\/span>grow personally or career-wise is one of the most fulfilling things. Realizing our potential, pushing ourselves <\/span>to experience new things, and growing is extremely important. This can help us perceive ourselves in better <\/span>ways and believe in our potential. Social media plays a huge role in this. We can find videos about history <\/span>that improve our general knowledge, videos of people exercising that push us to live a healthier life, quotes <\/span>that motivate us, tutorials that teach us different skills, etc. Thanks to technology and social media, I was <\/span>able to learn a third language because of some videos that taught grammatical rules, which aroused my <\/span>curiosity. This has helped me not only to grow personally, but it has also given me the possibility to have <\/span>more open doors in the world of work.<\/span><\/div>\n
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Lastly, I think that<\/span> Marlow\u2019s Hierarchy of Needs plays a significant role even in the cyber world because it <\/span>provides different ways of fulfillment.<\/span><\/div>\n
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Module 3 Journal Entry – How might researchers use this information to study breaches? What branch or branches of Social Science do you think would beenfit the most from a site hosting this information? <\/strong><\/p>\n

June 2, 2024<\/strong><\/p>\n

First of all, we need to know what a data breach is\u2014more specifically, what is a data breach chronology? When we talk about data breaches in cybersecurity, we mean all those malicious acts one commits when unauthorized people access confidential information. For this reason, in 2005, the Data Breach Chronology was launched with the intention of avoiding data breaches and helping researchers understand such breaches in the US.<\/p>\n

I think that the information provided by the article could be very useful. In fact, researchers could use this information to understand the nature of data breaches, the problems they cause, the organizations that are being compromised, the types of breaches, etc. Thanks to all this information, researchers can create new measures that help diminish and prevent such breaches. In addition, I think that branches of social science such as criminology, sociology, and psychology would benefit the most from this site.<\/p>\n

This is because, with criminology, for example, we can investigate and learn about the involvement that data breaches have in not adhering to the law, and therefore, criminologists can find adequate reasons to incriminate cybercriminals for their unethical behavior.<\/p>\n

Another social science that can benefit a lot from this site is sociology. Sociologists can study human social behavior, patterns of social relationships and interactions, and society as a whole and see how these breaches impact them, as well as the change in trust people put in organizations after incidents like these.<\/p>\n

Psychology is another social science that could benefit as well. Psychology allows us to explore and study human behavior, understand why some people feel the need to commit cybercrimes, what brings them to act in certain ways, and also understand how the person or organization that has been a victim of a breach feels afterward.<\/p>\n

To conclude, I consider this site to be very helpful, not just for researchers in the field of social sciences but also for people who like to keep themselves informed and safe when using any kind of site, search engine, or app. Sites like PrivacyRights.org are useful since they provide valuable information that allows one to understand the intricacies of cybersecurity.<\/p>\n

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Module 2 Journal Entry – Define each<\/span> of the principles of science<\/span> in<\/span> your own word<\/span>s. Then<\/span>, give examples of <\/span><\/strong>how<\/span> each of the principles<\/span> relates to cybersecurity.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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Sunday 26, 2024<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n
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According to Robert Bierstedt, the social sciences follow the same principles as the natural <\/span>sciences. As a matter of fact, the social sciences are considered to be as scientific as the natural <\/span>ones, and they can be related to the study of cybersecurity. The social sciences are six: relativism, <\/span>objectivity, parsimony, empiricism, ethical neutrality, and determinism. Each of these sciences <\/span>allows for the understanding of cybersecurity.<\/span><\/div>\n

Relativism: Relativism is a philosophical concept promoted by sophists. Relativism claims that <\/span>values and truths depend on and vary based on the individual, cultural, and historical context. <\/span>Moreover, with relativism, everything is related. When it comes to cybersecurity and its <\/span>technological advances, we can see how everything is related, from the educational system to the <\/span>political system. In addition, with this science, it is important to view behavioral dynamics, social <\/span>processes, economic decisions, and policy making because, by doing this, we can study and <\/span>develop adequate cybersecurity strategies that promote an inclusive approach to diversity and <\/span>security.<\/span><\/div>\n

Objectivity: When it comes to cybersecurity, being objective is extremely important. What this <\/span>means is that scientists must have a neutral, impartial, and detached point of view when <\/span>addressing potential risks and threats. In fact, scientists must be as objective as possible and <\/span>successfully respond to and analyze potential attacks without being influenced. Everyone has a <\/span>different opinion regarding different topics, but when it comes to finding security measures, it is <\/span>pivotal to put our opinions and beliefs aside and find the most suitable cybersecurity measures, <\/span>overcome any risks, and protect systems.<\/span><\/div>\n

Parsimony: The term parsimony comes from the Latin parsimonia, which refers to the <\/span>unwillingness to spend money. In science, however, this term refers to being able to choose the <\/span>most simple scientific explanation. This way, cybersecurity measures can be easier to understand <\/span>and, therefore, more practicable. Also, approaching things with parsimony in cybersecurity can <\/span>help to diminish difficulties and target the problem more efficiently and quickly.<\/span><\/div>\n

Empiricism: Empiricism is another philosophical term that refers to a belief in which our <\/span>knowledge is based on our experiences, and more importantly, our sensory experiences. In <\/span>cybersecurity, we want to depend on empirical affirmations that help us analyze threats and <\/span>defend ourselves from them. Furthermore, using empiricism is a way of making sure organizations <\/span>base themselves on real information and avoid deduction. This, in my opinion, is very effective <\/span>because it avoids drawing inaccurate conclusions.<\/span><\/div>\n

Ethical Neutrality: Ethical neutrality is a term that, in my opinion, is strictly connected with <\/span>objectivity. In cybersecurity, when we address a problem, we must be objective and make sure <\/span>that cybersecurity measures and policies respect ethical principles. Questions like \u2018Can professors <\/span>monitor students\u2019 online coursework to make sure they\u2019re really actually doing their work?\u2019 or <\/span>\u2018Should the police use digital technologies to track human behaviors?\u2019 are important questions <\/span>one needs to consider. We must respect the confidentiality, integrity, and privacy of individuals <\/span>and apply effective measures that also respect those principles.<\/span><\/div>\n
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Determinism: Determinism refers to those behaviors caused or influenced by preceding events. As <\/span>a matter of fact, determinism is important in cybersecurity since it can greatly help to understand <\/span>threats, manage them, and prevent them.<\/span><\/div>\n

To<\/span> conclude, like Robert Bierstedt<\/span> says<\/span>, I thin<\/span>k<\/span> that th<\/span>ese s<\/span>ocial sciences can be related to<\/span> the <\/span>study of cybersecurity<\/span>. Moreo<\/span>ver<\/span>,<\/span> I find them<\/span> very helpful since they can<\/span> prevent attac<\/span>ks, give <\/span>simple but effective scientific explanations,<\/span> give<\/span> unbiased sol<\/span>utions to find the<\/span> most ef<\/span>fic<\/span>ient <\/span>cybersecurity measures<\/span>,<\/span> etc<\/span>.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Module 1 Journal Entry<\/span> \u2013<\/span> Review the NICE Workforce Framework<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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May 19, 2024<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

The National Institute for Cybersecurity Education, also known as the NICE Framework, is a<\/span>
resource used by employers to help them better understand cybersecurity. In short, this <\/span>framework determines a<\/span> \u201c<\/span>universal<\/span>\u201d<\/span> language in order to describe the work of cybersecurity and <\/span>its workers. By doing this, employers and organizations have a clear understanding of the skills, <\/span>tasks, and capabilities needed to succeed.<\/span><\/p>\n


The NICE Framework is made up of seven categories:<\/span>
\uf0b7<\/span> Analyze<\/span>
\uf0b7<\/span> Collect & Operate<\/span>
\uf0b7<\/span> Investigate<\/span>
\uf0b7<\/span> Operate & Maintain<\/span>
\uf0b7<\/span> Oversee & Govern<\/span>
\uf0b7<\/span> Protect & Defend<\/span>
\uf0b7<\/span> Securely Provision<\/span><\/p>\n


Based on my personal ideas and interests, I would rank these seven categories as follows:<\/span><\/div>\n

1.<\/span> Protect & Defend<\/span>
In cybersecurity, the most important thing is to prevent a problem. In fact, with this step, <\/span>we are able to come up with defensive measures, assess the level of risks, monitor <\/span>unauthorized activities, and therefore respond to threats. In my opinion, this step is <\/span>interesting because it allows you to work very closely with the cyberworld. Moreover, I <\/span>consider it a very fundamental step.<\/span><\/div>\n

2.<\/span> Analyze<\/span>
This, in my eyes, is also a very crucial step because if we want to overcome a situation in <\/span>an effective way, the first thing we must do is analyze it carefully and weigh out the <\/span>different possibilities. As a result, we are able to identify the problem and look for the <\/span>most adequate and effective methods. With this step, the goal is to identify the <\/span>capabilities and intentions of cybercriminals and look for a solution that is aimed at a <\/span>specific problem or threat.<\/span><\/div>\n

3.<\/span> Investigate<\/span>
I would put this step in third place since, without cyber investigation, we wouldn\u2019t be able <\/span>to upgrade to better tactics and techniques and improve an organizat<\/span>ion\u2019s security <\/span>measures. In addition, I find the investigation process to be one of the most interesting <\/span>ones because, due to the advances in technology, the world of cybercrime is becoming <\/span>more and more powerful. For this reason, the investigation process will always be <\/span>different, meaning that one will never get tired of applying the same security measures. <\/span>Instead, they will be different each time.<\/span><\/p>\n
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4.<\/span> Collect & Operate<\/span>
This category collects information and handles data to then develop operational plans.<\/span><\/div>\n

5.<\/span> Operate & Maintain<\/span>
T<\/span>his category, in my opinion, is strictly connected with \u2018Collect & Operate\u2019 and, like the <\/span>fourth-ranked category, I find it intriguing. In fact, it takes care of everyday security <\/span>measures by installing, maintaining, and managing software, hardware, and firewalls. <\/span>Therefore, it ensures that the systems work effectively and safely, and it also ensures the <\/span>CIA Triad (confidentiality, integrity, and availability).<\/span><\/div>\n

6.<\/span> Oversee & Govern<\/span>
Oversee & Govern, just like the word itself suggests, provides supervision and governance. <\/span>Also, it provides the staff with advice, develops policies that support cyber enhancement, <\/span>and provides personnel training.<\/span><\/div>\n

7.<\/span> Securely Provision<\/span>
Lastly, based on my interests, I would put securely provision last. This is because, despite <\/span>being very important, it\u2019s a basic step. As a matter of fact, in order to develop systems, <\/span>write codes, and ensure appropriate risk treatment, it is pivotal to protect and defend, <\/span>analyze, investigate, collect and operate, operate and maintain, and oversee and govern <\/span>first. Without these initial steps, Securely Provision would be totally useless.<\/span><\/div>\n

To conclude, I consider protecting and defending, analyzing, investigating, and operating and <\/span>maintaining to be very interesting steps because they allow you to learn new skills each time, <\/span>making the whole process intriguing and leaving no room for boredom. Furthermore, they are also <\/span>essential steps to overcome cyberattacks and prevent threats. That being said, I believe that the<\/span>last three steps are also important, but, in my opinion, they<\/span>\u2019re le<\/span>ss complex and ask for fewer <\/span>skills.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cybersecurity and the Social Sciences Within a social science framework, this course explores the social, political, legal, criminological, and economic aspects of cybersecurity. Students are introduced to a human-factors perspective concerning cybersecurity threats. It shines a light on all those… Continue Reading →<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":28443,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/cbelf001\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/133"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/cbelf001\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/cbelf001\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/cbelf001\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/28443"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/cbelf001\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=133"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/cbelf001\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/133\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":367,"href":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/cbelf001\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/133\/revisions\/367"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/cbelf001\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=133"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}