PROBLEM and INOVATTION
In our search for an issue that could be resolved through innovation. We discovered Gregor Gomory, a businessman who devised a method of turning plastic waste into building bricks. In part thanks to the work of New Zealand-based engineer Peter Lewis, whose research laid the foundation for the use of waste plastic to create building materials, Gomory created RePlast, a substance made of plastic sourced from the oceans and machine-compressed into the dimensions of a typical concrete masonry unit. Gomory and his colleagues are still exploring the possibilities for the novel material in this research, which is still in its initial stages. It is run out of Gomory’s ByFusion company, which has offices in New York and Los Angeles. Our investigation into this new technique revealed that it appeared there was no method to keep track of any potential hazardous emissions that might result from the production of these blocks.
The issue with the toxic fumes can present itself as a potential future issue. As there is not much information on how the plastic is turned into blocks it says that no harsh chemicals or glues are used to create the blocks but instead, they steam and compress the plastic together. This process can still bring the plastic to certain temperature and cause some pollutants to rise in the air while making the blocks. The reason this maybe problem as stated in the article this is a small team that is trying to get this idea of the ground. The possibility of overlooking this issue could be very possible many businesses ignore safety issues to minimize costs. The ambition to develop something novel and inventive drives many entrepreneurs.
The solution my group produced would be to install logic controllers to monitors the toxic fumes. This logic controller would be called Cynsored which would have the capability monitor toxic fumes by measuring the concentration of harmful gases in the air. They use sensors that are designed to detect specific types of gases, such as carbon monoxide or sulfur dioxide. When `qThe barriers we would face would be budgets and integration. Budgets are frequently a problem for most businesses, particularly when it comes to technology.
This proposal’s hardware and software, as well as the actual labor required for deployment and maintenance, are not inexpensive. Given the expansion of facilities, it is likely that another IT worker who is familiar with the systems will need to be hired to keep up with maintenance and to assist with expansion. Given that some environments may run legacy software that is incompatible with the new measures or is not compatible, integrating these security features could provide challenges. As occasionally existing infrastructure or hardware needs to be modified in order to make the implementation successful, this can relate to finance. Toxic fumes can pose a serious threat to workers’ health, and it is essential to have a reliable system in place to detect and control them. We also decided on adding some type of encryption and access control to protect the servers the logic controllers would run on. It is crucial that sensors as crucial as these be as immune to attacks as possible given the significant increase in cyberattacks, particularly within critical infrastructure. It is not difficult to conceive a scenario in which malevolent actors have unauthorized access to these sensors and, for instance, increase the alarm threshold at which the sensors transmit an alert to protect the environment’s workers.
Scholarly Literature
The many different industries from medicine to engineering can expose people to many dangerous chemicals and gases. The industries that are most at risk of producing toxic fumes include manufacturing, mining, and construction. One of the biggest dangers of toxic fumes is that they can be invisible and odorless. This means that workers may not even realize they are being exposed until it is too late. One of the most demanding industrial operations, welding exposes welders to both chemical and physical hazardous substances. This research was done to assess worker and environmental exposures to aerosols produced by manufacturing welding procedures. Using a high-volume pump with a volumetric flow rate of 112 lit/min calibrated with a dry gas meter, a total of twenty-eight samples of aerosols were collected at 4 separate locations, including indoor, outdoor, the source of welding, and the stacks. An atomic absorption spectroscopy approach was used to test the samples for heavy metals such Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr3+, Cr+6, Co, and Zn after they had been collected on round 110 mm fiber glass filters, measure. The samples were taken using 110 mm round fiber glass filters, quantified gravimetrically, extracted with nitric acid, and then examined using an atomic absorption spectroscopy technique to look for heavy metals like Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr3+, Cr+6, Co, and Zn. According to gravimetric measurements, the average interior air concentration is 1.33 mg/m3, the CO2 concentration in the breathing zone of welders using coated electrodes is 7.25 mg/m3, and the ventilation exhausts have a mean concentration of 95.07 mg/m3. The average concentrations of Fe, Mn, and Ni in indoor air were 0.8, 0.041, and 0.00 mg/m3, respectively. For coated electrode welders, the average concentrations were 2.7, 0.18, and 0.15 mg/m3, whereas for CO2 welders, the average concentrations were 1.75, 0.08, and 0.22 mg/m3. Cr3+, Cr+6, Co, and Zn had concentrations that were too low to be seen. The high concentration of metallic fumes to which the welders were exposed increases the risk of pulmonary dysfunction and other medical conditions.
Toxic fumes are a major concern in many industries, particularly those that involve the use of chemicals or other hazardous materials. Programmable Logic controllers are computer-based, solid-state, single processor devices, which are used to automate processes and control machinery, can also be effective in monitoring toxic fumes. The development of technology has brought about significant changes in various industries, including the gas industry. The use of wireless gas detector systems using microcontrollers, PLC, and SCADA systems for monitoring the environment has become increasingly popular. This system is designed to detect and monitor gas leaks in real-time, ensuring that safety measures are taken promptly. The wireless gas detector system comprises a network of sensors that are placed strategically in areas where there is a high likelihood of gas leaks. These sensors are connected wirelessly to a central control unit that is equipped with microcontrollers and PLCs. The control unit receives data from the sensors and processes it to determine if there is a potential hazard. In addition to detecting gas leaks, the SCADA system provides real-time monitoring of environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and air quality. This information can be used to identify potential hazards before they occur. The benefits of using wireless gas detector systems are numerous. They provide accurate and reliable detection of hazardous gases, reducing the risk of accidents and injuries. Additionally, they can be easily integrated into existing systems without requiring extensive modifications or downtime.
Due to the complexity of many industries warehouses and facilities many overlook the need for security or do not invest much into security especially security for the internet. Because of industrial control systems are initially designed without taking being connected to the Internet into consideration, this cause’s there to be many vulnerabilities in PLC’s firmware and software. In 2011, Stuxnet infected more than 45,000 network systems around the world, and in 2014, an ART cyberattack forced production to stop at a German steel plant, and in 2015, three regional power systems in Ukraine were attacked by malware. Because PLCs do not have an identity verification mechanism and do not have encryption, identity authentication and other security methods, they are more susceptible to being attacked. An example of an attack on a PLC system can be by compromising a carbon monoxide detector, sending a false alarm, opening the windows, and forcing the occupants to evacuate the building, or by creating a series of attacks.
On an article found where researchers conducted a Denial-of-Service attack on the system which consisted of three phases: carrying out attacks, observing the effects, and creating patterns related to attack. Test consisted of one S-7 1200 (2.2 firmware) PLC hardware, one management computer, a personal computer with Kali Linux operating system, and a separate computer with SmoothSec installed to detect attacks. The PLC protocols respond to all query packets from any IP / MAC address or node points, which makes them vulnerable to DoS attack. Hping program was used for DoS attack and the ping response time of the PLC device increased considerably. The DoS attacked caused the PLC systems to be uncontrollable and unresponsive. The results of the test showed that if a PLC system has no security supporting it could lend it to open to attacks. The group then gave suggestions on how to protect a PLC system. The first choice given is by installing firewalls and antivirus software. These tools will help detect and prevent malware attacks that can compromise the integrity of the system. Another way to protect the system is by implementing strong passwords and user authentication protocols. This will ensure that only authorized personnel can access the system and make changes to its settings. Additionally, regular password updates should be enforced to prevent hackers from cracking weak passwords. Furthermore, regular software updates should be performed to patch any vulnerabilities that may exist in the operating system or application software used in the PLC system. Finally, physical security measures such as limiting physical access to the control room or server room where the PLCs are located can also help protect against unauthorized access. After further research it seems that protecting a PLC system requires a multi-faceted approach involving both technical and non-technical measures. By implementing these measures effectively, companies can ensure that their industrial processes remain secure from cyber threats and other security risks.
Many industries are often reluctant to install security onto their Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) systems. As I believe that the cost of implementing security measures outweighs the benefits for many of them. Another reason industries may not install security onto their PLC systems is that they may not be aware of the potential risks. They may assume that their systems are secure and fail to recognize the vulnerabilities that exist. Additionally, some industries may be hesitant to invest in security measures because they believe that it will slow down production or disrupt operations. Another reason industries would probably not install any security onto their PLC systems is due to a lack of understanding about how these systems work. Many companies rely on third-party vendors for their PLC systems and may not have the technical expertise required to implement effective security measures. While these issues may not seem to outweigh the consequences of not having any type of security. But many people may not understand and or fully know how damaging a cyberattack could be. This why I believe our product could be quite valuable as it would not only offer monitoring capabilities for toxic fumes but also security to keep the system safe from cyberattacks while being cost-effective.
How the problem and innovation relate to class material
One of my classes that come to mind that can relate to our problem and innovation was my philosophy and ethics class. While toxic fumes, programmable logic controllers, and my ethics class may seem like unrelated topics, but they are all interconnected in the realm of industrial safety. Toxic fumes are a common hazard in many industries, and it is the responsibility of employers to ensure that their workers are not exposed to harmful levels of these fumes. Programmable logic controllers or also known as (PLCs) are used in many industrial processes to automate tasks, monitoring, and increase efficiency. However, if not properly programmed or maintained, they can malfunction and cause accidents. This is where ethics come into play. Employers have an ethical responsibility to prioritize the safety of their workers over profits. This means providing proper training on PLCs and ensuring they are regularly maintained to prevent malfunctions that could lead to accidents and exposure to toxic fumes. Furthermore, employees also have an ethical responsibility to report any unsafe working conditions or potential hazards they may encounter. This creates a culture of safety where everyone is accountable for their actions and looks out for each other’s well-being. By prioritizing the well-being of workers through proper training, maintenance, reporting unsafe conditions, and creating a culture of safety we can prevent accidents caused by malfunctioning PLCs or exposure to toxic fumes.
Another class whose materials can relate to our innovation and material was public speaking. Public speaking class is a course or program designed to help individuals improve their communication skills and confidence when speaking in front of an audience. These classes typically focus on developing effective speaking techniques, organizing, and delivering speeches, and managing nervousness or stage fright. When it for example, if an employee notices toxic fumes in the workplace but does not know how to effectively communicate this issue to their supervisor or colleagues, the problem may go unnoticed and unresolved. comes to toxic fumes you need to be able to efficiently communicate in the workplace. Public speaking courses also teach individuals how to listen actively and respond appropriately. This skill is crucial when dealing with toxic fumes as it allows individuals to understand the severity of the situation and take appropriate action. When it comes to public speaking and programmable logic controllers both public speaking and PLCs require effective communication skills. To be successful at either, one must be able to clearly convey their message or instructions to an audience or machine. This requires careful planning and organization of thoughts or code. Secondly, both public speaking and PLCs involve the use of technology. While public speaking may not require as much technical knowledge as PLC programming does, both fields rely on the use of tools such as microphones or software programs to achieve their goals. Finally, both public speaking and PLCs require adaptability. A good speaker must be able to adjust their message based on the audience’s needs or reactions, while a programmer must be able to modify their code based on changing circumstances. A public speaking course can provide valuable skills that can be applied in the field of programmable logic controllers. Effective communication skills, technological proficiency, and adaptability are all important qualities for success in either field. Lastly, a course that can offer a reason having a programmable logic controller to monitor toxic fumes was history. As history can give us insight on our past mistakes and problems. As we know that toxic fume can cause major health hazards for workers and long-term health problems. The history of toxic fumes dates to the Industrial Revolution when factories were built without proper ventilation systems and safety procedures. This resulted in workers inhaling harmful chemicals that caused respiratory problems and other health issues. Once the introduction of PLCs and other safety equipment we have seen a drop in workers developing respiratory problems and other illness.
Determining the effectiveness of our innovation
When it comes to determining the effectiveness of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) in monitoring toxic fumes involves evaluating several factors. We could begin by identifying the specific requirements for monitoring toxic fumes in our application. Consider factors such as the types of toxic fumes, permissible exposure limits, monitoring locations, and any regulatory standards or guidelines that need to be followed. Next, we would conduct validation tests to verify the accuracy and reliability of the monitoring system. Compare the readings from the PLCs with independent reference measurements or laboratory results. Assess the system’s response time, sensitivity, and ability to detect alarm conditions accurately. Through continuous monitoring and maintenance. By establishing a regular maintenance schedule for the PLCs, including calibration, sensor replacement, and cleaning procedures. Implement a system to continuously monitor and record the sensor data, allowing for trend analysis, data logging, and generating reports. Another why we could determine the logic controller’s effectiveness would be the response time of the PLC system. The PLC must be fast enough to alert workers immediately when toxic levels exceed safe limits. This requires a well-designed alarm system that can quickly notify workers and trigger appropriate safety measures. Also, by ensuring that the monitoring system meets all relevant regulatory requirements and standards for monitoring toxic fumes. By Consulting with safety professionals or regulatory bodies to ensure compliance with applicable guidelines or regulations as using outside experts to check and give feedback on the effectiveness of our logic controller. By following these steps, we can determine whether our PLCs are effective at monitoring toxic fumes and make any necessary adjustments or enhancements to improve their performance.
How we would turn our innovation into reality
To turn our innovation into reality. We would first establish some type of licensing agreement with a company that specializes in making PLCs as this could help us stay with technology changes and industry standards while also being cost-effective. More importantly a company that specializes in making fuzzy logic controllers. As Fuzzy logic controllers are a type of control system that use fuzzy logic to make decisions and control output. Fuzzy logic is a mathematical concept that allows for uncertainty and imprecision in decision-making, which makes it ideal for controlling systems with complex or uncertain variables. This makes FLCs more valuable in a environment that can constantly change. FLCs work by taking input from sensors or other sources and using fuzzy logic to determine the appropriate output. The controller uses a set of rules, based on expert knowledge or data analysis, to determine how to adjust the output based on the input. One of the key advantages of FLCs is their ability to oversee non-linear systems, which traditional control systems struggle with. They can also adapt to changing conditions and learn from experience, making them ideal for applications such as robotics, automotive systems, and industrial automation.
Once we require the PLCs, we will use the programming language supported by our chosen PLC to develop the program for monitoring toxic fumes. This program will need to have the ability to read the sensor inputs, process the data, and trigger appropriate actions based on predefined conditions such as alarm thresholds or fault detection. While also creating a detailed design of our monitoring system. Next, we would acquire the necessary sensors from RC systems a company that specializes in making gas detector sensors. Then we would determine the placement of sensors, the wiring scheme to connect the sensors to the PLC’s I/O modules, and the necessary power supply arrangements. Ensure that the PLC can accommodate the required number of sensors and has the necessary I/O capacity. The next step would be to configure the PLC program to communicate with the sensors, read their data, and perform the desired monitoring functions. Set up alarm conditions, fault detection logic, and any necessary data logging or reporting features. Thoroughly test the PLC system to ensure it operates as intended. Check sensor readings, simulate alarm conditions, and verify that the PLC responds appropriately. Debug any programming issues or connectivity problems that arise during testing. Once the system is installed and has been integrated with the systems other components such as data logging devices and user interfaces, as required. We will then conduct validation tests to verify the accuracy and reliability of the monitoring system. Compare the sensor readings with independent reference measurements or laboratory results. Calibrate the sensors as per the manufacturer’s recommendations and establish a regular maintenance schedule. Once all systems are connected and working properly, we will start providing training procedures and mock events for our operators, maintenance personnel, and all workers for the business. Once the system has been up and running for approximately 2-5 years, we would provide the product for small business and factories. As we would be able to provide the most cost-effective and advance PLCs systems in the industry.
Summary
After the first five years of running Cynsored, it would be important to assess the progress made and plan. The next step for the business is to focus on growth and expansion. Which can be achieved by increasing sales, expanding into new markets, or introducing new products or services. New markets like the medical field or for home use. Instead of using other company’s devices we would then have the capability to produce our own gas sensors and PLC systems.
In conclusion, I learned through this project that collaborating with a cooperative team a daunting task can be made a little easier. I also learn how much planning and work goes into creating any type of service or business from budget to finding your target audience or consumers. I also learned the many possible setbacks that an entrepreneur would have to face like possible competition and if there is a need for the product. For something I would have done differently I would have probably wanted to sit with the team and fully discussed the issue we wanted to work. Instead of going with the first idea that was given. Another thing I would have done differently would have found a better a way to formulate everyone’s ideas together. I found this project to be quite interesting and challenging. What made the project interesting was having to find a real-world problem and produce a solution for the problem and that it required some creativity and real-world knowledge.
References:
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