Article Reviews
A. Article Review Criminal Policy on Cyberbullying of Children in Indonesia
View of Criminal Policy on Cyberbullying of Children in Indonesia (cybercrimejournal.com)
Criminal policy on cyberbullying regarding children in Indonesia is a contemporary issue, as the elevation of technology has increased at an alarming rate. This study is aimed to determine the effects on cyberbullying in Indonesia. Understanding and determining the effects and importance of getting this issue tackled in Indonesia, and other third world countries is key to a safer environment. These responsibilities are not only social but also the moral responsibility of society to establish, implement, and execute criminal policies to reduce this social crime from occurring.
Cyberbullying is a form of bullying or harassment using electronic means. It has become increasingly common, especially among children and teenagers, as the digital sphere has expanded, and technology has advanced. Cyberbullying is when someone bullies or harasses others on the internet and other digital spaces, particularly on social media sites. It is no secret that Indonesia is not as advanced in technology compared to countries in the western hemisphere. However, that does not negate the fact that their children have reported experiencing cyberbullying in some form. Cyberbullying is not only an issue regarding the use of technology, but we should also be looking at it from a social lens in order to gain more insight. It is the responsibility of the family and government to implement strategies to combat this issue. Children have participated in surveys where they were questioned about their experience with cyberbullying. It was noted that thousands of children became victims of cyberbullying in Indonesia when they mistakenly share their personal information to unknown profiles online. This simple interaction has caused pain and destruction in many kids lives, resulting in them forever changed. The parents and government of Indonesia have failed their youngsters when establishing law and educating them on how to properly use technology. Parental monitoring and has proven to protect children and discourage the abuse of technology. In advanced countries where the communication gap between parents and children is low and their information is shared daily, reports were not found. It is believed that the communication gap between parents plays a factor and reduces the risk of the child going online and participating in illegal communication with different people. Moreover, if the gap between parents and child is open then the youngster would feel more comfortable to discuss issues and resolve them firsthand. Parents play a role in cyberbullying whether they want to acknowledge it or not. It is their duty to make sure that their child is obtaining the proper education needed to responsibly use technology while still monitoring them.
In Indonesia, the negative use of technology is at its peak because of less monitoring and very few regulations that are not restricting and bringing the culprits behind the bar who are you in technology for negative purposes. Also in Indonesia, the laws are strict in regard to cyberbullying but also are the people from developing. These laws state that, whoever intentionally attack the good name of someone with an impute, which means so that it is known to the public, will be threatened with imprisonment for maximum of nine months or fines at max $4500 rupiahs. Without a doubt, the cyber law proposes severe penalties for those who violate cyber laws, but the government’s role is to enforce the law with the assistance of the administration to eradicate this problem from society. The law in place is very vague and broad; a child will most likely not report to their parents they are being bullied online – let alone seek legal action. At the same time, it is noted that lawmakers and policymakers are the older generations, and they have not acknowledged the issues and dynamics of the current age. They are almost out of touch, and with ineffective policies in place the problems associated with cyberbullying in the modern world. They need to require social media platforms, citizens, and organizations to uphold a moral obligation when they are actively participating on these platforms or involved in interactions. Right now, there are no policies in Indonesia that help combat this issue.
Technology is helping the community and the business sector to grow productively. It has helped make our lives easier. The only way technology can hurt us, is if another person decides to use it with bad intent. There are different kinds of negative uses of technology that create a problem for society at the largest level. This harmful use of technology is detrimental to the greater good of the people because it enables non-state actors and individuals who are not committed to the community to create problems, not only for the community as a whole but also, for the community’s children. People have used technology to initiate criminal acts like hacking, murder, fraud, and bullying, etc. However, at the same time, it is important to understand that the United Nations Human Right Commission has declared that technology must not be used to violate human rights and human dignity in any country. But some countries, like Indonesia have failed to develop strategically formulated strategies to evaluate all of the criteria for using technology and prevent the ways of negative use of technology. Despite the rules and regulations related to the positive use of technology, the government and the other stakeholders have failed to educate the people to avoid the negative use of technology. This negative use of technology leads to cyberbullying in which people are the victim of this problem.
The method of study used is qualitative study. Interviews and surveys were conducted to gather information regarding data about cybercrime and cyberbullying. Some polls and surveys were cited that provided information and insight from children about their experience of cyberbullying. A lot of children have either experienced or seen cyberbullying firsthand. Which has led to a number of them developing mental health issues, including depression, low self-esteem, and other negative emotions. Interviews with lawmakers were also conducted in order to gain feedback about their opinions on cyberlaw and crime. Twenty officials from Indonesia were interviewed and asked questions about issues involving cybercrime and technology. The data taken from that interview was analyzed effectively, and it was observed that the majority believed that technology was responsible for cyberbullying and that there is a continued increase. They also mostly agreed that criminal policy is not effective in preventing cybercrime. This way of thinking is obviously wrong and helps explain why children in Indonesia are experiencing higher chances of cyberbullying than children that live in countries like America. It seems as if policyholders of third world countries do not care or try to create change so that their future leaders will have a better way of life. Advanced countries are always creating new strategies to help with this issue, but countries like Indonesia have put this issue on the back burner. Backward countries have failed to progressively find a plan and keep up with technology in order to prevent cybercrime from taking place amongst their youngsters. This article relates to the principles of social sciences because it focuses on the actions of people and studies their behavior from top to bottom. We get the compare and contrast of children from western countries vs countries on the eastern side of the hemisphere that are not as developed. We all may not have the same access to technology, and one might be superior to the other – but we all have or will face the problem when it comes to cyberbullying amongst children. In the early 2000’s in America, when social media just began to emerge; there was thousands of suicides reported among high schoolers due to cyberbullying. Children were being reckless and careless online and hurting one another on social media. Today, we can google cyberbullying laws and see that there are many policies in place, and it is not broad. It is also understood amongst children and parents that if you get online in Virginia and commit harassment by computer, penalty. If any person, with the intent to coerce, intimidate, or harass any person, shall use a computer or computer network to communicate obscene, vulgar, profane, lewd, lascivious, or indecent language, or make any suggestion or proposal of an obscene nature, or threaten any illegal or immoral act, he shall be guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor. If other countries would adapt laws like this, then the percentage of reports amongst kids would decrease. Surveys, polls, and research has been conducted to study children and their effects gained from cyberbullying. I think that there are enough resources available that make it unacceptable for countries like Indonesia to still be experiencing this problem. Technology is not going anywhere, if anything it will become more prevalent in our everyday lives. Laws and policies need to be in place to protect people from being harmed by the use of technology.
Article Review 2
B. Cybersecurity in Hospitals: An Evaluation Model
https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/2/4/43
Many services that are offered worldwide are dependent on the Internet, including services such as banking and healthcare. The Internet has become an essential tool that allows us to perform our daily activities successfully. This fact makes cybersecurity a necessary tool to be incorporated. A hospital is an institution providing medical and surgical treatment and nursing care for sick or injured people. Hospitals have been historically known for their strong risk mitigation policies and designs. With technology advancing at an alarming pace, it would be naive to deny its relevance within the medical field. There are new devices, systems being created every day in order to help the health community function at an easier and more advanced rate. Even though technology claims its notary in making our lives easier, it can also be used for harm. This journal discusses the cyber risk associated with technology in healthcare facilities. Cybersecurity is the protection of internet-connected systems such as hardware, software, and data from cyberthreats. The practice is used by individuals and enterprises to protect against unauthorized access to data centers and other computerized systems. Dealing with hospitals, it is understood there will never be room for mistakes since it could cost them a person’s life. Nowadays, many services and procedures depend mainly on the Internet and computers, such as healthcare services. If a facility was to have their systems compromised, then it could easily result in the loss of life, sensitive information being stolen, or the inability for professionals to do their job. Cybersecurity has a huge role within hospital and healthcare facilities.
Hospitals are attractive for attackers due to the financial and political gain. Nevertheless, cyber-attacks on hospitals might allow attackers to take lives in the form of cyber warfare. Hospitals are at risk of cyber-attacks in five different ways, according to the US Department of Health. The five threats are email phishing attacks; ransomware attacks; the loss or theft of equipment or data; insider, accidental, or intentional data loss; and attacks against connected medical devices. Any of these types of cyber-attack. Cybersecurity needs to be included in the risk management process and conversation. Hospitals should move toward achieving the goal of cyber resilience.
This journal review mentioned the Evaluation model as a good framework that hospitals could follow in order to ensure they are taking the right steps to ensure they are protected and prepared. This model included multiple variables that played a factor in the effectiveness of cybersecurity in hospitals in general. It grouped together user training and access management since they both involved employees and education. Then email and endpoint protection systems are grouped together, since those two measures basically protect the data sent, received, and shared. In addition, updating non-medical equipment in the hospital and updating medical equipment (can be grouped into one equation. This grouping is due to the fact that both measures require an inventory of the equipment and periodic maintenance. Limiting access to medical devices, controlling the network, and implementing a cybersecurity policy are all measures that can be grouped into one variable. This is because these measures are directly related to patient safety and to patient data. All of these are factors create an equation to determine how well a hospital or healthcare facility implement cybersecurity policies.
Not only does this discussion contribute to the studies of society, but it also relates to topics we discuss in class. We have to study the motive and pattern of cyber attacks against hospital to understand the cause of it. The person committing the act could be doing it for political or financial gain which intervenes with the psychology behind it. Not only do we have to study how to prevent and prepare hospitals from being compromised, but we have to take data in order to get a more conclusive insight on this discussion. We have to observe the human factors that play a role in the attack of these healthcare facilities by studying the Human Systems Integration. HIS is a technical management approach that focuses on safety, aims for the best performance of technology, and focuses on the interactions between humans and technological processes. It states that personnel training and occupation health are key topics that HIS specializes in. If a hospital or the medical board is looking to create a set framework in place regulating every facility to follow, then it would be great if they studied and took information from this concept. In 2021, Iran was accused of attacking Israel’s hospitals in an ongoing cyberwar. They managed to hack their systems and took them offline. This resulted in massive disruption to the Israel people. This discussion should not be only focused in America, but held on a global scale. I think in order for professionals to understand and create the correct framework to protect hospitals and patients’ information then there has to be an understanding of how cybersecurity cannot be solved only by building a smarter or more secure system or you can not force your employees to take training without effectively understanding how cybersecurity is affected by the other social sciences. Psychology has to be taken into aspect when discovering the motives or analyzing the person committing the act, we have to take a look through sociological lens as well to understand where we are as a society.