Determinism is the idea that if you have enough information about a system and its vulnerabilities, then you can predict the outcomes of your hacking activities with low certainty of risk. In other words, a process where the outcome can be predetermined. But just because hackers can leverage their known vulnerabilities, doesn’t mean that they will succeed every time. The defender’s countermeasures, system complexity, and the constant changing of technology are all factors that contribute to the success or failure of a hacking attempt. Human error plays a significant role in computer security. People can quickly fall victim to unpredictable hackers. This is why cybersecurity professionals need to be prepared to respond to evolving threats and not rely on deterministic approaches to protect systems.