ePortfolio Cell Bio: Fall 20219: Lydia Hames

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This sketch is one of my student selected sketches of the eukaryotic plant cell is another good hand-drawn image that I drew this semester. This specific cell can manufacture their own food in a process known as photosynthesis, which is unique to this cell. Its structures such as their rigid layer known as their cell wall outside of their cell membrane provides structural support and protection. This type of cell serve as the basic unit of life for organisms in the kingdom Plantae. Plant cells differ from other cells because they contain cell walls, chloroplasts, and a central vacuole. Plant cells have many different parts, each in which has specialized functions these organelles are depicted above in my drawing. I could have used different colors in my drawing to help distinguish each organelle making it easier on the eyes and more organized.

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This drawing is one of my worst sketches however it depicts a unicellular cell which is mostly bacteria. This is a microscopic, single-celled organism. The size of these cells is very small compared to the plant and animal cells, I could have made a key to depict that actual size of this cell making it easier to identify. There are several types of unicellular cells that I should have depicted in my drawing above (all being very similar); diatoms, yeast, and slime molds just to name a few. These sorts of cells do not contain organelles, do not make their own food, but they can survive in extremely severe environments as no other organisms can.
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Here is one of my student selected sketches I chose to include. I included this explanation and drawing of Lac Operon Regulation I had done in another class this semester because I believe that it is related to cell biology. I found that these two courses genetics and cell biology covered a lot of the same material, I ultimately learned so much and have developed a strong understanding of cells by taking the two-course at the same time. It is an operon that is required for the transport and the metabolism of lactose in enteric bacteria.
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This is one of my best pictures that I have hand-drawn this semester because it depicts clearly depicts the eukaryotic animal cell. All of the membrane-bound organelles that carry out specific functions necessary for the animal cell to properly function and operate are clearly represented and displayed. Both the membrane-bound nucleus and the membrane-bound organelles are drawn in the above picture making it easy to identify the parts of the animal cell. Animal cells are generally smaller than plant cells, I could have drawn the two different cells in more accurate proportions. Some of the unique organelles specific to the animal cell are; centrioles, lysosomes, cilia, and flagella which are not typically found in plant cells. I believe that I accurately represent the cell of an animal in the picture I have drawn above. I could have used different colors to categorize and exemplify the organelles to make each of them stand out.

Scientific Literacy Paper

MitoRibo-Tag Mice

MitoRiboTag mice as a versatile tool to study mitoribosome composition and the mitoribosome-interactome in different mouse tissues in vivo As mitoribosome assembly and translation coordination in mitochondria strongly diverge from those in bacteria or the eukaryotic cytosol, it is expected that several mitochondrial-specific translation factors and MIPs have been acquired to assist in these processes. Mitochondria are semi-autonomous eukaryotic cell organelles with important roles in key cellular processes, for example, iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS; Westermann, 2010). Mammalian mtDNA is a compact 16.6 kb circular genome that encodes two rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, and 11 mRNAs necessary for the production of 13 essential OXPHOS proteins (Ha¨ llberg and Larsson, 2014). To synthesize mtDNA-encoded proteins, mitochondria harbor specialized ribosomes (mitoribosomes) that are 55S ribonucleoprotein complexes formed by two distinct subunits. The 28S small subunit (SSU) consists of 30 nuclear-encoded proteins and the 12S rRNA, whereas the 39S large subunit (LSU) is composed of 52 proteins, the 16S rRNA, and an integrated tRNA (Amunts et al., 2015; Greber et al., 2015; O’Brien and Kalf, 1967a, 1967b). During evolution, mitoribosomes have acquired 36 organelle-specific proteins not found in bacterial ribosomes. I have found directly from the cell resource study we were to review and analyze that MitoRibo-Tag mice are powerful tools for in vivo studies of mitoribosome composition during diverse physiological states, disease, and aging. Some of the disorders associated with mitochondria greatly affect the brain, heart, skeletal muscle and other organs, however decreased mitochondrial function also contributes to the aging and age-associated attributes in human diseases (New research tool for studying mitochondrial disorders and aging). It is summarized by using a combination of biochemical fractionation and immunofluorescence techniques, we demonstrate that PUSL1 is a mitochondrial matrix protein peripherally attached to the mitochondrial inner membrane (Figures 5B, 5C, and S5). Here are a few disorders that are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction; diabetes, Huntington’s disease, certain cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Mitochondria are essential organelles that are primitive for converting cellular energy through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Mitochondrial function is tightly linked to the expression of the mitochondrial DNA known as mtDNA. There are many steps from regulating mtDNA expression, to the translation of the mitochondrial ribosome (mitoribosome) in the state of particular interest since it synthesizes essential protein components of the OXPHOS system. Defective mitochondrial translation leads to severe OXPHOS dysfunction, this is a process heavily affecting the human body and it’s processes in pathology and ageing. This article explores and explains the purification of mitoribosomes within the mice tissues and the study of mitoribosomes in vivo we generated “MitoRibo-Tag” that were knock-in mice expressing a FLAG-tagged variant of the mitoribosomal protein Immature colon carcinoma transcript 1 (ICT1). The authors purposes were to try to determine the composition of the mitoribosome from different tissues and investigate and identify putative tissue-specific mitoribosome interacting proteins by label-free quantitative mass spectrometry. Discovering and defining the protein content of the mitoribosome and interacting proteins will contribute to a better understanding of the mitochondrial translation machinery, its assembly processes, functions, and mitochondrial diseases and ageing linked to defective mitochondrial translation (KEYSTONE).

Works Cited:

https://virtual.keystonesymposia.org/ks/articles/3394/view
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_disease

Jakob D. Busch, Miriam Cipullo, Ilian Atanassov, Ana Bratic, Eduardo Silva Ramos, Thomas Schöndorf, Xinping Li, Sarah F. Pearce, Dusanka Milenkovic, Joanna Rorbach, Nils-Göran Larsson,

MitoRibo-Tag Mice Provide a Tool for In Vivo Studies of Mitoribosome Composition,

Cell Reports,

Volume 29, Issue 6,

2019,

Pages 1728-1738.e9,

ISSN 2211-1247,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.080.

(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124719312847)

Abstract: Summary

Mitochondria harbor specialized ribosomes (mitoribosomes) necessary for the synthesis of key membrane proteins of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) machinery located in the mitochondrial inner membrane. To date, no animal model exists to study mitoribosome composition and mitochondrial translation coordination in mammals in vivo. Here, we create MitoRibo-Tag mice as a tool enabling affinity purification and proteomics analyses of mitoribosomes and their interactome in different tissues. We also define the composition of an assembly intermediate formed in the absence of MTERF4, necessary for a late step in mitoribosomal biogenesis. We identify the orphan protein PUSL1, which interacts with a large subunit assembly intermediate, and demonstrate that it is an inner-membrane-associated mitochondrial matrix protein required for efficient mitochondrial translation. This work establishes MitoRibo-Tag mice as a powerful tool to study mitoribosomes in vivo, enabling future studies on the mitoribosome interactome under different physiological states, as well as in disease and aging.

Keywords: mitochondria; mitochondrial biogenesis; mitochondrial DNA; mitochondrial gene expression; ribosome; translation;

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615001/