Remix 2:
The Multimedia principle is about using visuals to represent what you are trying to say instead of using a big blob of words. This principle is important because a majority of people learn better and will respond to the information that is being presented to them better if the information is in picture form.
Remix 3:
The contiguity principle is the utilization of summaries or little blurbs to explain larger areas of text where it might be confusing for a reader. This principle is important because the little bits of information that summarize the large text are there to help clarify any questions that the reader may have had.
Remix 4:
The modality principle is about the use of audio and visual to convey a message. This principle is important because not only is there on-screen text and graphics but there is audio included to help the reader learn and understand the information that is being presented.
Project Towards no drug Abuse.pptx
Remix 5:
The redundancy principle shows that on-screen text, audio narration, and graphics are all the same. This principle is important because there is no need to double up and have the text talk about the graphic or have an audio narration talk about the text or the graphic, it is all about streamlining the information and letting the information that you have do the work.
Evaluation Report for Sing Sing Prison
Ian McCormack – UIN 01152992
Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Old Dominion University
Dr. Jared Ellison
CRJS 317
4/16/2023
Evaluation Report for Sing Sing Prison
Abstract
This is an executive report of the problems that I identified in Sing Sing prison in New York.
This report was done following a brand-new prison guard named Ted Conover through his
application process, his academy, and his beginning stages as a prison guard. During my time
following Mr. Conover I noted problems and personal dilemmas that Mr. Conover experienced
going through the life of a prison guard.
The first issue that I found was the inmate violence and the fact that the inmates have
nothing else to lose. The issue is that the inmates are already locked up and serving time in a
maximum-security facility they feel like they have nothing else going for them and they make
their entire life about respect in the prison and messing with other inmates and guards at any
chance they get. Secondly, I found a large problem with staff burnout and the fact that staff take
their work home with them. Mr. Conover had multiple instances at his home with his own
children that could have been avoided but due to his extremely stressful job and very limited
time off due to staff shortages these problems came to fruition. Lastly, I found ineffective
communication and poor management. There was very little communication between older
correctional officers and new correctional officers as well as upper management within the
prison two new corrections officers. But this problem went beyond just the correctional officers
into poor communication from correctional officers to inmates.
In the following evaluation report I will outline my findings further with various
examples that I noticed during my time following Mr. Conover. I will also make
recommendations on how to improve on these various problems to make the prison better for all.
While evaluating Mr. Conovers’ time at Sing Sing prison there were multiple occasions
that I witnessed and various interactions that make obvious a few problems within the prison.
The first problem that I will talk about is inmate violence and inmates having nothing to lose.
This is a hard subject to talk about and it will probably be an issue within prisons for a while.
When inmates are incarcerated, their freedom is taken away and they are locked in a concrete
box. When you take away someone’s freedom and put them in prison, they don’t have much else
to lose because everything about their life is completely regulated and they don’t get to do
anything for themselves. This will lead inmates to not care about anything anymore leading
them to live violent lives and have the mindset that they have nothing to lose so they can attack
others or they can mess with guards because what else can society take away from them. While I
was investigating this problem, I noticed four instances where this was made very clear in Mr.
Conovers daily activities. These three instances are:
- One of Mr. Conover’s first days on the block he was insisting that inmates stopped giving
haircuts on a gallery and they protested. After he insisted that they comply they packed it
up and as Mr. Conover was walking away from the incident not thinking anymore of it
someone yelled “Hey CO” and as Mr. Conover Turned around to see who was calling for
him an inmate “went through 9/10 of the motion of landing an uppercut on my chin. He
stopped maybe an inch away, and as I jumped reflexively backward, two of them
dissolved into laughter and strolled off down the gallery” (Conover 2000 p. 76). - This incident occurred when Mr. Conover was on his rotation in the box and he was
standing by as the box team was doing cell searches of every inmate in the box. When
they got to this specific inmate cell he refused to comply with orders and was asking to
speak to a Sergeant. The Sergeant then stated, “I’m giving you a direct order to comply
with the frisk” (Conover 2000 p. 134) and after the inmate refused again the extraction
team came in and had to forcefully remove him from his own cell. After searching his
cell the correctional officers found nothing on him or his cell which raises the question
why would he refuse in the first place other than just to be difficult? - Mr. Conover was talking to an inmate about a riot that he had been involved in after
walking past the door where there was a large pool of dried blood. This inmate had just
been transferred into the prison the day before and he was involved in gangs and knew
that he was going to have to attack a rival gang the second he came to this prison. The
inmate lifted up his shirt to show a large cut on his back and said, “he would have gotten
a big stick in his side, too, he said, had it not been for his protective vest of magazines”
(Conover 2000 p. 167).
All of these instances show that inmates just don’t care and don’t have a thought in their mind
about possible repercussions that could come from their actions because they have nothing else
that they could possibly lose. It is hard to make an inmate respect the rules of the prison because
they’re already in a prison and you cannot put them in another prison. However, my
recommendation to help improve this problem is to put more leadership within the prison.
Leadership on both the inmate side and the correctional leadership side. “The data are consistent
with the position that political and correctional leadership made prison institutions more
effective” (Useem, B., & Piehl, A. M. (2006)). More leadership and a positive way to be able to
talk between the inmates and the leadership about grievances as well as getting the inmates to
follow rules that are imposed by the prison is the best way to help fix this issue.
The second problem that I noticed during my time with Mr. Conover is the staff burnout
and the staff taking their work home with them. You’re not supposed to take your work home
with you, especially when the field that you are in is of this nature. Correctional officers are
being tested from the start of their shift to the end of the shift by inmates that want nothing more
than to just get under their skin. The problem that a lot of correctional officer’s face is that when
their children or significant others get anything other than perfectly happy or just try to live a
normal life the negative effects of the day that the correctional officer had can be taken out on
them. Correctional officers also burn out very quickly because of the nature of the job leading to
staff shortages which only piles on more stress to the correctional officers that state. Three
instances of staff burnout and the staff taking the work home with them are: - Mr. Conover was talking to a fellow correctional officer while serving lunches and
the correctional officer had mentioned that he had put in for a transfer. Mr. Conover
Then stated “I didn’t have to ask why he was transferring to a prison farther from
home but did so anyway. For the calmness he answered” (Conover 2000 p. 213). This
was not strange for the correctional officer from Sing Sing prison because of the large
volume of inmates in very confined galleries and the very high turnover rate the staff
can barely keep up and end up burning out very quickly. - Mr. Conover was at home when he and his son started to have a disagreement. When
his son tried to go wake up his daughter, he instructed his son not to but his son was
going to do it anyway and he did not listen to Mr. Conover. Mr. Conover then stated
“something in me sort of snapped. All day long I was disrespected by criminals and I
felt that homes should be different” (Conover 2000 p. 244). He then went and
grabbed his son and picked him up by his pajamas out front of his daughter’s door.
Mr. Conover described this event as a “use of force incident against his own son”
(Conover 2000 p. 244). - Another incident occurred at Mr. Conover’s house when He was sitting at home
trying to keep work off of his mind when “I noticed his younger sister with her hands
on the slats of her crib, looking out. Unnervingly, it reminded me of the same view I
had all day long period like an inmate, she was dependent upon me for everything”
(Conover 2000 p. 114).
“Burnout syndrome consists of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal
accomplishment, and a three-stage process that includes job stress, worker strain, and defensive
coping” (Garland, B. (2002)). It was hard for Mr. Conover to differentiate between his work life
and his home life because he was so involved with his work and he hardly got any time off to be
with his family. He also had large amounts of pent-up aggression from being disrespected and
talked to poorly all day and he had no outlet for it. My recommendations to help improve staff
burnout and the staff taking the work home with them is to allow them more time off, clarify
roles and responsibilities for the correctional officers, and emphasize rehabilitation. To be able to
effectively implement those three recommendations the prison system will have to hire more
correctional officers and when they hire them, they should implement my recommendations to
try to slow down the turnover rate to allow the cycle to be broken.
The last problem that I noticed during my time with Mr. Conover is ineffective
communication and poor leadership. Working within a prison is hard enough as it is but trying to
do so with poor communication between coworkers and poor communication in between
management and correctional officers is a nearly impossible situation. Three Instances of
ineffective communication and poor leadership that I saw while I was working with Mr. Conover
are: - Mr. Conover was writing a report for situation that he had been in and there was a
Sergeant who got the report and ended up reading it over and came over to Mr. Conover
just to embarrass him and let him know how poorly written his report was. The Sergeant
stood up after letting Mr. Conover know how bad his report was and he threw all of Mr.
Conover’s paperwork into the trash. The Sergeant was letting Mr. Conover know what he
thought of his hard work. The situation ended with the Mr. Conover stating, “are we
finished?” To which the Sergeant replied, “I’m finished” (Conover 2000 p. 113). - On Mr. Conover’s first day he noticed that all of the rules that he was taught to enforce
in the Academy were not being enforced. When he first entered the giant gallery, he saw
sheets hanging from the bars, clothes drying everywhere, and music playing very loud.
His first thought when walking into the gallery was “I found it hard to know where to
begin” (Conover 2000 p. 97). The prison galleries were in such disarray and the
correctional officers were not doing anything about it because there were unwritten rules
within the prison that the new guards did not know about and were never told about. - There was a situation where Mr. Conover was involved in where he located a heating
element during a search of a cell and when he tried to turn it in the Sergeant ended up
giving it back to the inmate that Mr. Conover took it from. However, later on a different
Sergeant saw the burner in Mr. Conover’s hands and instructed him to throw the burner
out.
Each of these various situations shows the poor management styles that were not uniform
throughout the prison leading to mass confusion between the inmates and the correctional
officers and the correctional officers and their upper management. It was hard for a
correctional officer to do the right thing when each leader had a different thing that they
thought was right and that they enforced as being right. “Poor prison management is a
predictor of rates of assault toward inmates and staff“ (McCorkle, R. C., Miethe, T. D., &
Drass, K. A. (1995)). Having poor leadership can lead to more violent interactions and a
more violent prison overall. My recommendations to fixing this problem is to create and
enforce a standard set of rules and practices from the academy to the prison. Regardless of
what management style people have there should be a set of rules that everybody can follow
to help avoid these situations in the future.
There are a lot of problems to be addressed at Sing Sing prison. However, I think that the
three issues that I have noted, given examples of, and offered solutions for or the issues that
need to be addressed first to allow the prison to operate more smoothly and address the other
problems at a later date. Sing Sing has a problem where they need more officers following a
standard set of rules but it is hard to fix this problem because no officers want to come to the
prison and stay there. The issues need to be addressed as a new class of correctional officers
is coming into the prison.
References
Conover, T.(2000). Newjack: Guarding Sing Sing. New York New York: Random House, Inc.
Garland, B. (2002). Prison treatment staff burnout: Consequences, causes and
prevention. Corrections Today, 64(7), 116-121.
McCorkle, R. C., Miethe, T. D., & Drass, K. A. (1995). The Roots of Prison Violence: A Test of
the Deprivation, Management, and “Not-So-Total” Institution Models. Crime & Delinquency,
41(3), 317–331. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128795041003003
Useem, B., & Piehl, A. M. (2006). Prison buildup and disorder. Punishment & Society, 8(1), 87– - https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474506059141
Remix 6:
The pre-training principle encourages the introduction of key concepts before engaging in more serious material. This is principle is important because someone may not know the history behind a topic or not very much about the topic itself so being able to provide them with information and key ideas before the main material is pushed is very important.
The Disproportionate Use of Solitary Confinement on African Americans
Ian McCormack
Old Dominion University
April 2021
Solitary Confinement has been used in the American prison system for an exceptionally
long time, and in more recent years has been under the magnifying glass. Many different prisons
do it their own way when it comes to solitary confinement, but the general idea is described as
“being kept for approximately twenty-three hours a day alone in a small cell, with minimal social
contact and no physical contact with others” (Jules Lobel, & Huda Akhil. (2018)). With each
prison having the final say in how they operate solitary, the time can vary but usually the time
gets extended. There are three disciplinary lenses that will be looked through to properly answer
this question. Those three disciplinary lenses include the criminal justice lens, the sociology lens,
and the psychology lens. Since solitary confinement is a very isolating and controversial
punishment, all three lenses must be used when answering the research question to remove any
personal bias and or personal conflict. One researcher cannot answer the whole question alone
due to the many contrasting interdisciplinary aspects. Solitary is used in certain unacceptable or
dangerous prison behavior; it holds great psychological and physical effects on the inmates and
coupled with disproportionately affecting the Africa American community.
Solitary confinement has been around for over 200 years. While there is some research
on the effects of solitary confinement, there has been a lack of research on why it is used. There
should be more research in both areas due to the fact that we use it so regularly. Having more
research in these areas could help answer questions about what causes inmates to have the
outbreaks that send them to confinement, plus it could be used to hone in on the use of solitary
confinement being disproportionately used on a specific group of people. The use of solitary
clearly has been used on one group of inmates a lot more than the average group. It is important
to have the research and to understand the effects solitary has on inmates as well as what prisons
may be taking advantage of specific groups of inmates.
There are a multitude of situations in which solitary confinement may be used, “such as
fighting with another inmate to minor ones, like talking back to a guard or getting caught with a
pack of cigarettes” but mostly it is used “as a tool to manage gangs, isolating people for simply
talking to a suspected gang member” (Solitary confinement facts. (2019, June 21)). The use of
solitary for gang management is the reason that this method of punishment and control has
recently come under such scrutiny. You can get sent into the worst living conditions simply for
not being liked and it can take a tremendous toll on the psychological and physical state of a
person.
Confinement is in a separate wing of the prison where all the solitary cells are segregated
from the regular cells. The inmate will be brought to these sections and in a typical prison they
will not be able to leave the cell besides a thirty to one hour period of recreation time. An inmate
will receive all meals in their cell, they usually will not be allowed any type of reading material
or art supplies and may even have to shower in their cell. In solitary the inmates are not allowed
any outside human contact so conversing with other inmates is not allowed and any outside
visitation rights are taken away. The principal concept of solitary confinement is to isolate and
punish the inmate. Prison is a punishment in itself but when things in prison get out of control,
isolation is the maximum way to reprimand a behaviorally challenged inmate. Inmates have
already had most their freedoms taken when they get sent to jail, however solitary redefines loss
of freedom. In solitary your freedom becomes null, and the 7×10 foot box you are in will put you
into a psychologically draining mentality.
Prisons use the psychological aspect of solitary confinement more readily against the
African American community, because being able to control a group of people is an immensely
powerful concept. Controlling when someone would eat, sleep, and even when someone bathes
themselves can break an inmate’s spirits. Being able to control basic tasks helps repress the inmates
who are Africa American activists. As stated in the International Journal of Offender Therapy
and Comparative Criminology “Human beings rely on social contact with others to test and
validate their perceptions of the environment. Ultimately, a complete lack of social contact
makes it difficult to distinguish what is real from what is not or what is external from what is
internal” (Arrigo, Bruce A, & Bullock, Jennifer Leslie. (2008)). This environment tears down
their psychological ability to understand what is real or not. These inmates lose their spirit in the
solitary confinement cells which causes them to not fight for any type of political activism,
giving the prison guards the dominance they desire. These psychological conditions the solitary
confinement inmates go through is tough and known as a tool called management and
containment. Just a few goals of the management and containment tool is “paranoia,
claustrophobia, and psychosis” (Ewing, A. (2016)). If you can break an activist mentally and
break their spirit, then they will no longer be able to do their part as an activist for their
community and will no longer want to participate within the civil rights movements. The thought
of going back to solitary confinement is constantly looming over their heads. If a prisoner has
been in solitary for any lengthy amount of time it is extremely hard to just come out of that
psychological state and readjust to the general population.
Solitary confinement is not usually a onetime ordeal for an inmate who is an activist.
Once it is known to the guards that an inmate is a political activist the inmate is painted with a
label. The guards then treat the inmate with malice and prejudices for the duration of their prison
sentence. When a political activist inmate is introduced to solitary for the first time it is the
beginning of a nasty cycle of going in and out of solitary confinement. While they are no longer
playing an activist role, the mental effect on the inmates causes this cycle. The inmates tend to be
more defensive and fearful and can easily be agitated. This gives the prison guards a reason to
throw them back into solitary when they have a minor disagreement with one of them or another
inmate. It has also been shown that a good majority of inmates assigned solitary confinement
already have a preexisting mental health problem. The solitary confinement on top of this
preexisting condition can really hinder the inmate in the long run. Solitary for these inmates not
only affects their mental state but plays a role in their physical deterioration.
“[In solitary confinement] Any act of resistance ended the same way: four or five of them
would come into the cell and jump us. It’s a hell of a feeling to stand when you know you’re
going to be beaten” (Guardian News and Media. (2019, March 4)). This was a firsthand account
of the brutal beatings and physical abuse that some inmates have gone through just because of
their skin color or political orientation. An inmate’s physical and mental development does not
play a role in these physical punishments. No matter what age you are, any outward resistance to
a prison guard will be met with a less than desirable outcome.
The inmates that are placed into solitary confinement are at an increased risk of
“hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, and heart disease” (Williams, Brie A. (2016)). The solitary
confinement cells are concrete boxes with no windows, causing the inmates to not get the proper
amount of vitamin D. This causes younger and more underdeveloped inmates to be left with long
term development issues. This lack of Vitamin D at any age causes inmates to have muscle
weakness and fragile bones, leaving them in a more vulnerable state. The physical abuse that is
received will often lead them to be severely injured and they do not tend to get the medical help
they would need. With inmates’ health risks preemptively documented in the prison system upon
arrival, the information is intended to be used to help the prisoners and prison system. However,
the medical knowledge tends to be used against the inmates and specifically the African
American community.
With an understanding of what solitary confinement is and the psychological and
physical effects it has, the bulk of the question can be answered. The next part is how is this used
against the African American population unjustly? Jules Lobel perfectly describes what is going
on when she says that there is a “…dramatic expansion of the use of solitary confinement and the
construction of new super-maximum (supermax) prisons as an attempt by prison officials and
politicians to maintain control of prisons in the face of increasingly radicalized, rebellious
prisoners-often, but not exclusively, African American-who had organized protests and
disobedient conduct” (Lobel, Jules. (2020)).” This type of behavior started with political activists
in the mid 1900’s like Martin Luther King Jr and has continued to modern day activists. Being
within solitary you have no contact with the outside world which is a necessity for any activist.
Without outside contact the activist has no way to spread their message about the problems they
are facing to the general public. This makes solitary a more legal way to disrupt an inmate’s first
amendment rights without actually having to deal with the outside public backlash of taking
away their rights. These first amendment rights get disrupted for any activist no matter their
color or beliefs, however it is most commonly used disproportionately against the imprisoned
African American population.
The corrupt criminal justice system is allowing private prisons to make money by
keeping inmates locked up longer. Franklin states that “Africans and people of African descent
have been targeted historically by those who profit from the construction and maintenance of the
U.S. penal system” (V. P. Franklin. (2013)). African Americans are incarcerated at a lot higher
rates than any other race leading them to be the big cash inflow of the private prison systems in
America. “Landing in solitary not only produces behavior that yields more time in solitary; it can
also extend prison sentences, sometimes dramatically” (Wolf, A. (2019, December 4)). With
these longer prison sentences being handed out to inmates in solitary confinement, the private
prison system will continue to make more money essentially making themselves a
necessity. With these systems in place being used for monetary gain solitary confinement is
being used to keep inmates locked up and continuing the vicious cycle.
There is not a lot that the poor, impoverished African American community can do about
the legal system or solitary confinement either. The higher incarcerations rates for the African
American community are a victim of these economic issues. With these lower income
communities not being able to afford a good defense attorney they get sent to prison for long
periods of time. While they are offered a public defender, the public defense attorneys handle a
high volume of cases and are unable to provide most of their clients with a high-quality defense
like the high dollar defense attorneys do. The lack of representation in court, and the bias of
convictions on their community can cause that individual to have built up anger. Following
hearing their sentencing over either a crime they did not commit or over a small petty crime that
is given a high sentence they have a built-up anger. They will then go back into the prison with
the knowledge of how much time they have to serve, and the unfair treatment they have received
in court. Nine times out of ten they do not have someone that they can talk to about coping with
this anger. This anger builds up combined with the treatment they receive in prison can cause
them to have violent and dangerous outbursts. These outbursts can get them labeled by the
guards, and the cycle of being in and out of solitary confinement begins. This corrupt racial
criminal justice system combined with the biased socio-economic system leaves the
impoverished African Americans as victims of the prison cycles.
While that is not the solution the inmate was looking for, it can lead to the in and out
cycle of solitary confinement, thus giving them longer sentences in prison. Each time that this
cycle occurs it can worsen the effects, because someone who maybe should have only gotten a
few years is not doing life in prison because of all of the stacked charges. The punishment that
will be handed down for going to solitary will be greatly different when it comes to African
Americans vs. the rest of the prison population. Due to the face that African Americans hold a
much higher percentage of the prison population they are seen as more of the violent offenders
that need to spend more time in jail and in solitary confinement.
One of the largest examples of African American political activists being locked up in
prison and in solitary were nine Black Panther members that were arrested for the suspected
murder of a fellow Black Panther member, Alex Rackley. The Black Panthers were a group of
black political activists who were founded to fight for African American rights. Their goal was to
make sure that the African American community was being treated fairly by the American
government. They were falsely arrested as a ploy from the government to try and suppress the
Black Panther Activists. The FBI took three members and tortured them for two days. After
those two days they knew the only way to end the torture was to provide the FBI with more
name. They named six other members who they said were apparently involved in the murder
crime, giving them the nickname of the New Haven 9. Most of the men that were arrested have
been acquitted in trial and released out of prison, however three members are still serving prison
time for a murder they did not commit. While in prison they have been treated as political
activists and all of the treatment that goes along with being a African American activist were put
to use against the three members that are still locked up. While their story was talked about when
they were first arrested, since that arrest in 1969 not a lot of people have heard about this case.
Prison owners have been good at keeping it under wraps, and the guards have aid in the cycle of
keeping these three members locked away. They continue to unfairly use the solitary isolation
tactic on these activists in order to keep them from telling the real story of what happened that
day to the outside world.
(“Call to support the Panther New Haven 9: 1970” by Washington Area Spark is licensed under
CC BY-NC 2.0)
This story is important to know because it is direct evidence of how solitary confinement
is being disproportionately used against African American political activists to stop them from
obtaining their political goals. After reading this story the mindset then becomes how many other
African Americans are serving sentences longer than what they were originally in there for or
because of their political views and skin color.
While African Americans are placed into solitary confinement at much higher rates, it is
also important to remember that many of the inmates are in solitary confinement for valid
reasons. Solitary confinement is a very rough form of punishment and at times has been known
to save inmates lives through protecting them from other inmates. However, “Those in
corrections try to justify their methods, but most choose not to hear what those with the proper
experience have to say. Over time, correctional staff has discovered that the threat of loss has
power” (Gangi, A. (2015, September 8)). The corrections officers over time have lost a grip on
the violent offenders in prison. They are cracking down so harshly on the little things in an
attempt to regain control of the prison that they have lost over time. If corrections officers lose
control of the prison completely then the violent offenders will be able to control what happens
within the walls of the prison.
The interdisciplinary understanding of using the sociological, psychological, and criminal
justice disciplines combined, shows that the prison system and solitary confinement in specific
needs to be looked at and reworked. The domino effect can clearly be seen with the racial
criminal justice system incarcerating more African Americans. African Americans then get
treated poorly on the inside causing psychological breaks and giving guards a reason to put
specifically the African and inmates into solitary confinement.
The Disproportionate Use of Solitary Confinement on African Americans 12
Bibliography
Arrigo, Bruce A, & Bullock, Jennifer Leslie. (2008). The Psychological Effects of
Solitary Confinement on Prisoners in Supermax Units. International Journal of Offender Therapy
and Comparative Criminology, 52(6), 622-640.
“Call to support the Panther New Haven 9: 1970” by Washington Area Spark is licensed
under CC BY-NC 2.0
Ewing, A. (2016). In/visibility: Solitary Confinement, Race, and the Politics of Risk
Management. Transition, (119), 109-123. doi:10.2979/transition.119.1.13
Gangi, A. (2015, September 8). The role of solitary confinement, and why it’s necessary.
Corrections1. https://www.corrections1.com/treatment/articles/the-role-of-solitary-confinementand-why-its-necessaryh9hyGSg5d2XP4LR2/#:~:text=For%20some%2C%20solitary%20confinement%20can,that%20
maintains%20safety%20and%20security.
Gramlich, J. (2020, August 06). Black imprisonment rate in the U.S. has fallen by a third
since 2006. Retrieved April 17, 2021, from https://www.pewresearch.org/facttank/2020/05/06/share-of-black-white-hispanic-americans-in-prison-2018-vs-2006/
Guardian News and Media. (2019, March 4). After 40 years in solitary confinement,
activist Albert Woodfox tells his story of survival. The Guardian.
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/mar/04/after-40-years-in-solitary-activist-albertwoodfox-tells-his-story-of-survival.
The Disproportionate Use of Solitary Confinement on African Americans 13
Jules Lobel, & Huda Akil. (2018). Law & Neuroscience. Daedalus (Cambridge, Mass.),
147(4), 61-75.
Lobel, Jules. (2020). MASS SOLITARY AND MASS INCARCERATION:
EXPLAINING THE DRAMATIC RISE IN PROLONGED SOLITARY IN AMERICA’S
PRISONS. Northwestern University Law Review, 115(1), 159-210.
Mears, Daniel P, Hughes, Vivian, Pesta, George B, Bales, William D, Brown, Jennifer
M, Cochran, Joshua C, & Wooldredge, John. (2019). The New Solitary Confinement? A
Conceptual Framework for Guiding and Assessing Research and Policy on “Restrictive
Housing”. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 46(10), 1427-1444.
Solitary confinement facts. (2019, June 21). Retrieved April 16, 2021, from
https://www.afsc.org/resource/solitary-confinementfacts#:~:text=A%3A%20Prisoners%20can%20be%20placed,breaking%20any%20rules%20at%
20all.
V. P. Franklin. (2013). COMMENTARY—SOLITARY CONFINEMENT: “I FEEL
LIKE … NO ONE CARES ABOUT ME”. The Journal of African American History, 98(2), 197-
- doi:10.5323/jafriamerhist.98.2.0197
Williams, Brie A. (2016). Older Prisoners and the Physical Health Effects of Solitary
Confinement. American Journal of Public Health (1971), 106(12), 2126-2127.
Wolf, A. (2019, December 4). Solitary Confinement Can Lead to a Life Sentence in
Prison. The Claude Pepper Center. https://claudepeppercenter.fsu.edu/solitary-confinement-canlead-to-a-life-sentence-in-prison/.
The Disproportionate Use of Solitary Confinement on African Americans 14
Remix 7:
This is the personalization principle. This principle is important because it talks about how people can learn better from multimedia lessons when we’re doing a conventional style rather than formal style. This means that when people have a lesson taught to them by a human with real words rather than robotic voices just spewing the information to them, they retain and gather the information better.
Remix 8:
This is the segmentation principle. This principle is important because it is the idea that you take a large concept and you break it down into smaller manageable steps 4 me to understand as well as for the reader to understand.
