{"id":120,"date":"2026-01-26T15:35:29","date_gmt":"2026-01-26T15:35:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wp.odu.edu\/odupresentationtemplate\/?page_id=2"},"modified":"2026-05-05T00:44:40","modified_gmt":"2026-05-05T00:44:40","slug":"sample-page-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jakesmith\/","title":{"rendered":"Jake Smith"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

My name is Jake Smith. I am a senior at ODU (Old Dominion University) studying cybersecurity. I grew up in Fredericksburg, Virginia. A few goals of mine include graduating at the end of the 2026 year with my Bachelor’s degree in cybersecurity, then get a job with the government doing cybersecurity. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Article 1 <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Introduction\/BLUF
The goal of this article is to explore the relationship between cybersecurity practices and
financial performance, primarily with some regard to the banks in the Gulf Cooperation
Council countries, during the COVID-19 pandemic period.
Bottom Line Up Front: The research revealed that with more adopted levels of
cybersecurity, the financial performance, specifically Return on Assets, of the GCC banks
was significantly positively impacted, thereby emphasizing the need for cybersecurity from
a technical and social-economic point of view.
Relation \/ Connection to Social Science Principles
The article has incorporated some of the most important social science principles:
Institutional Trust \u2013 The article has emphasized the importance of strong cybersecurity
measures to enhance public trust in financial institutions.
Rational Choice Theory \u2013 Financial institutions are investing heavily in cybersecurity
measures to ensure minimized losses and enhanced financial gains.
Social Stability and Order \u2013 Financial institutions have to ensure strong cybersecurity
measures to maintain social order by ensuring financial stability.
Technological Determinism \u2013 The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has caused
organizations to adopt digital technologies, thereby affecting organizational behavior.
Governance and Regulation \u2013 The article has emphasized the importance of regulatory
measures in enhancing organizational cybersecurity.
Risk Society Theory \u2013 The article has emphasized the importance of cybersecurity
measures to deal with modern-day cyber threats.
Organizational Behavior \u2013 The article has emphasized the importance of organizational
structures in enhancing cybersecurity measures within organizations.
The social science principles have shown that cybersecurity is not just limited to
technology but also encompasses many other important aspects of social science.
Research question\/ hypothesis\/ variable<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. What is the level of cybersecurity that was listed?<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. How does the level of cybersecurity relate to the financial performance?
    Hypothesis
    Banks that have larger levels of security have a higher financial performance
    Independent variable
    The cybersecurity level
    Dependent variables
    ROA\u2019s and EPS
    Types of Research Methods Used
    The quantitative approach was used in conducting the research, where the data was
    collected from secondary sources such as financial databases, annual reports, and stock
    exchange sites, and from primary sources such as a cybersecurity checklist sent to ICT
    and information security managers of banks.
    Types of Data Analysis Used
    The authors used the following methods of data analysis:
    To evaluate the levels of cybersecurity in the GCC countries, descriptive statistical
    analysis was used.
    To evaluate the relationship between cybersecurity levels and financial performance,
    multiple linear regression analysis was used.
    To evaluate the differences between the GCC countries in terms of cybersecurity adoption,
    post hoc comparisons were used.
    Relation to Other Course Concepts
    The study is related to other thoughts and ideas that were talked about in other course
    studies, primarily those that discussed cybercrime, victimization, and behavioral theories.
    The study validates some of those theories that an organization fails to implement good
    security measures is prone to victimization.
    Relation to the Concerns or Contributions of Marginalized Groups
    This study may not explicitly discuss or touch on issues concerning marginalized groups,
    but its contribution to these groups is significant. Cybersecurity failure has particularly
    negative effects on vulnerable groups that bank and use bank services. Good cybersecurity
    measures are crucial to protect vulnerable groups from economic fraud, identity theft, and
    economic exclusion from digital financial services. Good cybersecurity measures are
    crucial to ensure that vulnerable groups have access to financial services.
    Overall Societal Contributions of the Study \/ Conclusion
    In conclusion, the study makes a significant societal contribution by establishing that
    cybersecurity is not only a technical necessity but also a social and economic imperative.
    The study has been able to establish a link between cybersecurity practices and financial
    performance during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study has been able to make a
    significant contribution to society by establishing that cybersecurity is a social and
    economic imperative that is essential for the stability of society.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Article #2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Introduction
    In this article review will focus on the study titled \u201cInternational Responsibility Arising
    from Cyberattacks in the Light of the Contemporary International Law\u201d authored by Faisal Saleh
    Alabbadi, Emad Mohammad Al Amaren, and Sultan Ibrahim Aletein. The study was published
    in the International Journal of Cyber Criminology, Vol. 16, No. 1. The paper highlights the
    difficulties that cyberattacks pose in relation to the legal system while examining whether the
    law can address accountability for cyber damage to individuals, states, or organizations. The
    paper is important in cyber criminology since it discusses the relationship between cybercrimes,
    law, public policy, and governance.
    How the Topic Relates to the Principles of the Social Sciences
    The current topic is highly relevant to the field of social sciences, considering that it deals
    with how laws, institutions, human behavior, and powers function within society. A cyberattack
    is more than a technical occurrence. It is a social phenomenon conducted by either individuals,
    groups, or state entities in digital space. Social sciences provide answers to the questions of what
    causes such acts, how societies react to them, and how legal institutions deal with them. As the
    article touches on such matters as accountability and responsibility, it fits well into the fields of
    political science, criminology, sociology, and legal sciences.
    Research Questions, Hypotheses, Independent Variable, and Dependent Variable
    The major research problem posed by this study is: What is the position of international
    law regarding responsibility in case of cyberattacks? Another research problem is whether the
    legal approach used today is enough to deal with classification, regulation, and consequences of
    cyberattacks on an international scale. The article itself is more legal and conceptual than
    experimental. Therefore, it cannot pose any formal statistical hypotheses. Nevertheless, one may
    guess that such a hypothesis is that current international laws are not enough to solve the
    problems caused by cyberattacks.
    It can be reasonable to interpret the variables as follows:
    Independent variable: Cyberattacks, along with technological progress and digital threats.
    Dependent variable: Assigning legal responsibility for cyberattacks.
    Types of Research Methods Used
    The research design is that of a qualitative legal research approach. Within this content
    analysis the researchers conducted it to establish some major concepts and themes concerning
    issues of cyberattacks and accountability. The other approach applied to the article includes
    juridical and descriptive approaches, which indicate that the paper is informed by an
    interpretation of legal principles and written documentation as opposed to surveys or
    experimental studies. This is a suitable approach to be adopted considering the aims of the
    article.
    Types of Data and Analysis Done
    In this case, secondary sources of data were used, especially legal texts and literature on
    cyber-attacks and international laws. Data that was collected using documentation and other
    forms of legal sources, implying that the researchers looked at previous laws and legal concepts
    and not survey and interview responses. The analysis techniques that were used are qualitative
    rather than quantitative. Some of the concepts used by the authors to organize their research are
    legal adaptation of cyber-attacks, technology advancement, and international responsibility.
    How Concepts from the PowerPoint Presentations Relate to the Article
    A number of concepts mentioned during the PowerPoint lecture on cyber criminology or
    social science can be linked with this particular reading. Among these are globalization and
    social control, owing to the fact that the readings discuss how the attacks are not bound by any
    geographic constraints and how there are issues with jurisdiction, as well as how the topic
    addresses regulation of deviant or criminal activity through international law. Additionally, it can
    be seen that the topic links in with deviance and crime, with a focus on cyber victimization.
    How the Topic Relates to the Challenges, Concerns, and Contributions of Marginalized
    Groups
    In addition to this, the topic is related to marginalized groups since the impacts of cyber-
    attacks and poor legislation do not affect all of the parties equally. Those countries that have a
    low capacity in terms of cybersecurity, inadequate legislation, and poor relations with other
    states are likely to be more prone to cyber-attacks and lack the necessary means to receive
    justice. Similarly, those communities which have been marginalized in society, and which are
    politically and economically disadvantaged are bound to face more harm in case of cyber-attacks
    targeting key facilities. On the positive side, however, the article benefits marginalized groups.
    Overall Contributions of the Study to Society
    It is quite significant the contribution of the article to society at large. This is due to the
    fact that the article explains how cyberattacks are more than technical disturbances; they are
    legal issues and social problems that are contrary to world peace, justice, and accountability. The
    most significant contribution made by the article to knowledge is the recognition of the existence
    of legal shortcomings in dealing with cyberattacks. The article calls for nations to enhance their
    cybersecurity laws as a way of remedying the problem. Why is this particular contribution
    relevant? This is due to the fact that contemporary societies have become dependent on computer
    technology.
    Conclusion
    In summary, \u201cInternational Responsibility Arising from Cyberattacks in the Light of the
    Contemporary International Law\u201d is a key article that addresses both the legal and sociological
    issues surrounding cyber threats. The research paper has a strong linkage with social sciences
    since it deals with institutions, law, governance, power relations, and human behavior in
    cyberspace. Applying the qualitative legal analysis techniques that include thematic content
    analysis and juridical approaches, it is possible to determine that the law does not properly
    manage the issue of cyberattacks and responsibility for them. Thus, considering such an
    emphasis on legal shortcomings and policy recommendations, the paper can be viewed as quite
    relevant to the field of cybersecurity research and practice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cybersecurity Professional Paper<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cybersecurity Analyst: Applying Social Science in Cyber Defense
    Introduction
    It is important to remember that there needs to be a cybersecurity analyst to help protect
    individuals or firms from the growing number of cybersecurity threats. Although this position is
    thought to be more technical, it involves many concepts from social sciences, such as
    psychology, sociology, and economics. The cyber threats tend to exploit human behavior rather
    than technology. Therefore, the analysts must have knowledge regarding how people act and
    behave within systems. The paper will focus on the use of social sciences by cybersecurity
    analysts when analyzing human behaviors in their regular activities.
    Role of a Cybersecurity Analyst
    The duties of a cybersecurity analyst may involve various activities such as network monitoring,
    threat identification, incident handling, and infrastructure protection. Every day, a cybersecurity
    analyst performs network log review, investigation, and education about cybersecurity issues for
    users. One of the main reasons for cybersecurity breaches is attributed to human mistakes
    according to CISA (2023). The importance of the behavior of humans is because cyber attacks
    are primarily targeted towards people and not computer systems.
    Psychology and Human Behavior
    Cybersecurity and hacker strategies are among the most crucial topics within the field of
    psychology. Social engineering is an approach that makes use of elements of psychology like
    trust, fear, urgency, and authority. In phishing attacks, urgency is used to convince users into
    clicking on malicious links without considering the implications. Among other tasks, what
    3
    security experts do is employ psychology against social engineering tactics and schedule classes
    (FBI, 2022).
    Sociology and Organizational Culture
    The knowledge of sociology can assist the analysts dealing with cybersecurity in
    understanding how people relate to each other in an organizational environment. The key point
    here is that the culture of an organization plays a vital role in determining the level of
    commitment of the employees towards cybersecurity issues. Therefore, cybersecurity analysts try
    to promote a “security culture.”.
    Economics and Decision-Making
    Economic principles govern decisions related to cybersecurity. Analysts have to consider the
    cost of deploying security controls against the possible monetary losses that may arise from a
    cyber attack. Risk management involves prioritizing risks depending on their probability and
    impact in order to deploy resources efficiently.
    Impact on Marginalized Groups and Society
    The cybersecurity community should be cautious about the effects of their actions on
    disadvantaged populations. The people that are not well versed in computer skills and technology
    and even do not have adequate access to computer technology are more vulnerable to the threat
    of cybercrime. They adopt strategies in their cybersecurity approach that are inclusive in nature,
    such as good communication and educational training.
    4
    Conclusion
    The social sciences have been crucial in aiding the efforts of cybersecurity analysts in
    safeguarding the resources belonging to their organizations from any cyber attacks that may
    occur. The social sciences give cybersecurity analysts the necessary insights about the human
    nature, process improvement in organizations, and proper judgment-making.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Case Study<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Case overview and analysis
    Equifax is one of the largest credit reporting agencies in the U.S. In 2017 they
    experienced a data breach that impacted a little under 150 million people. Within this breach the
    total amount of damages was upwards of 425 million dollars according to the Federal Trade
    Commission. Because of this breach, individuals experienced a compromise of their personal
    locations, phone numbers, social security numbers, and even driver license numbers.
    According to epic.org, \u201cThe U.S government has indicted four different members of
    China\u2019s military on charges of hacking Equifax to exploit the personal data of 150 million
    Americans.\u201d The members from the Chinese military were able to get into the company\u2019s
    network, have unlawful access to their computers, and was able to take classified personal
    information. The same source, epic.org documented that Equifax has had \u201cweak\u201d digital security.
    In 2015, there was another breach that resulted in over 430,000 people had their tax and yearly
    income stolen. (Epic.org Electronic Privace Information Center, 2017-2018)
    Solutions
    The company implemented solutions after this which included patch management,
    monitoring the activity of the network, ensuring that sensitive data is encrypted, and having an
    incident response readiness. Some of the potential challenges that I think that this company will
    face with the new policies is that someone can miss something while monitoring the network or
    making sure that the sensitive data is encrypted.
    Interdisciplinary integration
    Having cybersecurity in place is important because you want to make sure that there is a
    strong network and internet that is properly working and ensuring that hackers are not able to
    obtain personal identifiable information. Social sciences come into play since Equifax and others
    are ethically responsible for keeping a person\u2019s bank information safe.
    Over the years Equifax has learned that since having a penetrable cyber aspect, they have
    spent around 1.5 billion dollars making sure that their technology and security infrastructure is
    more secure according to Mckinesy & Company. With that in mind, the company\u2019s technology
    staff comes together to go reveal and identify the red flags in their defense system and
    technology. According to the same website, McKinesy & Company, they document that \u201cthe
    security team reports quarterly on the status of each key project.\u201d This is to ensure that their
    technology and their network stays secure and up to date. According to the Equifax website, the
    company has implemented new resources that includes using AI, which will help improve
    security and defend against threats.
    Lessons learned
    The main reason why this Equifax breach started is because the company did not realize
    that they had an outdated certificate that was being used by a device found on the network. That
    same certificate had been expired a little short of a year according to digicert.com. By making
    this mistake, it cost the company close to 6 million in Federal Trade Commission (FTC) fines
    alone according to digicert.com. Over the years the company has learned that instead of having a
    sub-par cyber system, they have spent around 1.5 billion dollars making sure that their
    technology and security infrastructure is more secure according to Mckinesy & Company.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    My name is Jake Smith. I am a senior at ODU (Old Dominion University) studying cybersecurity. I grew up in Fredericksburg, Virginia. A few goals of mine include graduating at the end of the 2026 year with my Bachelor’s degree in cybersecurity, then get a job with the government doing cybersecurity. Article 1 Introduction\/BLUFThe goal… <\/p>\n

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