{"id":304,"date":"2026-05-04T00:36:25","date_gmt":"2026-05-04T00:36:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/?page_id=304"},"modified":"2026-05-04T01:16:20","modified_gmt":"2026-05-04T01:16:20","slug":"linux-commands","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/linux-commands\/","title":{"rendered":"Linux Commands"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>(In NAT mode):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"767\" height=\"323\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-346\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-3.png 767w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-3-300x126.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-3-192x81.png 192w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 767px) 100vw, 767px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Step 1: IPv4 Address: 10.0.2.15, Netmask: 255.255.255.0, MAC Address: 08:00:27:e3:88:43<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"833\" height=\"396\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/9step2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-356\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/9step2.png 833w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/9step2-300x143.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/9step2-768x365.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/9step2-192x91.png 192w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 833px) 100vw, 833px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Step 2: I used the route command to display the routing table.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"827\" height=\"118\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-345\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-2.png 827w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-2-300x43.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-2-768x110.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-2-192x27.png 192w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 827px) 100vw, 827px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Step 3: I used the netstat -t command to list TCP connections.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"877\" height=\"223\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-344\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-1.png 877w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-1-300x76.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-1-768x195.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-1-833x212.png 833w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-1-192x49.png 192w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 877px) 100vw, 877px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Step 4: I used the command, ping -c 10 ubuntu.com to determine ubuntu.com\u2019s accessibility.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1018\" height=\"382\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-5.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-348\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-5.png 1018w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-5-300x113.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-5-768x288.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-5-833x313.png 833w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-5-192x72.png 192w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1018px) 100vw, 1018px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Step 5-6: I used the command, host www.odu.edu to perform a DNS query. I used the command, cat \/etc\/hostname to display the contents of the hostname file.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"868\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-347\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-4.png 868w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-4-300x90.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-4-768x230.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-4-833x250.png 833w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-4-192x58.png 192w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 868px) 100vw, 868px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Step 7: I used the command, cat \/etc\/resolv.conf to display the contents of the DNS servers file.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"862\" height=\"536\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-6.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-349\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-6.png 862w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-6-300x187.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-6-768x478.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-6-833x518.png 833w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-6-192x119.png 192w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 862px) 100vw, 862px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Step 8: I used the command, sudo nano \/etc\/hostname to rename my hostname permanently to jkaur005. I used sudo reboot to reboot the system, and cat \/etc\/hostname to see if the file\u2019s contents had changed.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"810\" height=\"232\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-7.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-350\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-7.png 810w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-7-300x86.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-7-768x220.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-7-192x55.png 192w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 810px) 100vw, 810px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"792\" height=\"175\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-10.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-354\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-10.png 792w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-10-300x66.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-10-768x170.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-10-192x42.png 192w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 792px) 100vw, 792px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Step 9: Changed to Bridged Adapter:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"751\" height=\"312\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-8.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-353\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-8.png 751w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-8-300x125.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-8-192x80.png 192w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Step 10: New IPv4 Address: 192.168.0.37, Netmask: 255.255.255.0(Remained the same), MAC Address: 08:00:27:e3:88:43(Remained the same), there are also multiple IPv6 addresses and the broadcast address also changed.&nbsp;<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"922\" height=\"432\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/9step10.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-358\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/9step10.png 922w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/9step10-300x141.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/9step10-768x360.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/9step10-833x390.png 833w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/9step10-192x90.png 192w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 922px) 100vw, 922px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Step 11: Link-local and my IPv4 address have switched their order in the table, and my IPv4 address is now 192.168.0.0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"796\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-11.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-352\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-11.png 796w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-11-300x98.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-11-768x251.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-11-192x63.png 192w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 796px) 100vw, 796px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Step 12: There are two more TCP connections present using netstat -t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"822\" height=\"221\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-9.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-351\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-9.png 822w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-9-300x81.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-9-768x206.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-9-192x52.png 192w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 822px) 100vw, 822px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Step 13: There are differences within the pings sent, but all ten were received the same as before (ping -c 10 ubuntu.com). <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/0721a14c-a72b-4ce2-940e-bb98b5667ffa\" width=\"624\" height=\"244.16376657672203\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Step 14-16: This time the DNS query resulted in the same IP address for www.odu.edu. After using the cat \/etc\/hostname command, the new hostname was displayed. After using cat \/etc\/resolv.conf, the results of the DNS server file were the same.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"842\" height=\"583\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-12.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-355\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-12.png 842w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-12-300x208.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-12-768x532.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-12-833x577.png 833w, https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/41176\/2026\/05\/image-12-192x133.png 192w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 842px) 100vw, 842px\" \/><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>(In NAT mode): Step 1: IPv4 Address: 10.0.2.15, Netmask: 255.255.255.0, MAC Address: 08:00:27:e3:88:43 Step 2: I used the route command to display the routing table. Step 3: I used the netstat -t command to list TCP connections.&nbsp; Step 4: I used the command, ping -c 10 ubuntu.com to determine ubuntu.com\u2019s accessibility.&nbsp; Step 5-6: I used &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/linux-commands\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Linux Commands<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24635,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/304"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/24635"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=304"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/304\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":359,"href":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/304\/revisions\/359"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/jasprit-kaur-2-ids493spring2026\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=304"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}