Cybersecurity Ethics

This course examines ethical issues relevant to ethics for cybersecurity professionals, including privacy, professional code of conduct, practical conflicts between engineering ethics and business practices, individual and corporate social responsibility, ethical hacking, information warfare, and cyberwarfare. Students will gain a broad understanding of central issues in cyberethics and the ways that fundamental ethical theories relate to these core issues.

Course Material

End Of Course Assignment

Privacy is a broad topic that covers a wide range of issues, from personal data protection to surveillance and autonomy. Initially, my understanding of privacy was based on the concept of secrecy, in which people seek to keep certain aspects of their lives hidden from others. However, as I discovered more deeply into the subject, my perspective shifted dramatically. I now regard privacy as a fundamental human right, necessary for preserving one’s individuality, respect, and freedom. It extends beyond just concealment to include personal information control, the right to remain anonymous, and the power to make sensible choices about sharing information. Furthermore, the digital age has brought with it new challenges such as online tracking, data breaches, and the potential misuse of information by powerful entities. I’ve realized how privacy is intertwined with other societal values like security and transparency. Striking a balance between these values necessitates careful consideration and ongoing worldwide discussions. The realization that privacy is not a static concept is what I took away from this journey to comprehend privacy. Privacy changes in response to technological advancements, social norms, and legal frameworks. As my future self, I must remain vigilant in advocating for strong privacy safeguards, challenging unfair surveillance practices, and participating in discussions that shape data-handling policies. My actions should be guided by the realization that privacy is a critical foundation for preserving individual liberty and a just and equitable society.

Professional ethics refers to a set of standards and principles that guide the actions of individuals within a specific profession. My initial understanding of professional ethics revolved around the value of integrity, transparency, and personal responsibility in the workplace. While these components remain fundamental, my research has given me a better understanding of the complications involved. The concept of ethical quandaries is one key aspect that has gained nuance. Individuals in professional settings may face conflicting moral obligations, making ethical decision-making difficult. Navigating these quandaries necessitates a careful examination of potential consequences as well as a commitment to the greater good. Furthermore, I now understand the importance of empathy and inclusivity in professional ethics. Understanding and respecting diverse viewpoints and backgrounds promotes a more inclusive and supportive workplace, where ethical considerations extend beyond individual actions to the broader impact on stakeholders and society. My takeaway from researching professional ethics is that ethical behavior extends beyond just commitment to rules and regulations. It entails a continuous process of self-reflection, learning, and development. As my future self, I hope to develop a strong ethical compass, taking into account the broader implications of my decisions and actions. I should also be ready to speak up when I see unethical behavior, and I should actively promote a culture that values integrity and ethical behavior. Embracing ethics as a guiding principle will not only contribute to my professional success but also help build trust, respect, and long-lasting relationships with colleagues, clients, and the community.

The deliberate utilization of information to impact and control the public’s perceptions, and achieve political or social objectives is a concerning topic. My understanding of information warfare was initially limited to traditional propaganda techniques.  My comprehension expanded to include the complexities of the digital age as well as the significant impact of social media and technology. The deftness and authority with which misinformation and disinformation are disseminated have gained complexity in my thinking. The rise of social media platforms has facilitated the rapid spread of false narratives and the formation of echo chambers, in which people are exposed to information that reinforces their pre-existing beliefs, further polarizing society. Furthermore, the digital world’s connection has blurred the distinction between domestic and foreign information warfare attempts. State and non-state actors can now easily conduct cross-border influence campaigns, targeting vulnerable populations and exploiting societal fault lines. The most important thing I’ve learned from studying information warfare is the critical importance of media literacy and critical thinking. As my future self, I should remember to be wary of misinformation, question sources, and verify information before accepting it as true. Furthermore, I should actively promote media literacy in my community and advocate for policies that promote transparency and accountability in the dissemination of online information. Understanding information warfare is about more than just protecting personal beliefs; it is also about preserving the integrity of democratic processes and societal harmony.

Most Relevant to your Pathway Through the Program

In this article by Bill Sourour, he was asked to build a website with a quiz linked to it in order to market a drug particularly to young women. Bill lived and worked in Canada which had strict limitations on marketing pharmaceutical drugs.The quiz was for women but specifically wanted to target teenage girls. His company wanted him to build a general information website with a quiz since you cannot directly market over the counter drugs to customers in Canada. Bill received requirements with questions and answers to the quiz, but wasn’t sure how to create an outcome until his account manager gave him additional feedback. No matter how the quiz was taken the same outcome kept happening, which was leading to a pharmaceutical drug. After the website was published, Bill ran it over by his team and they were so pleased that he was invited to a luxurious dinner. Luckily for Bill, a colleague emailed him a news report about the exact website he made. The news report indicated how a young girl had killed herself due to side effects of the drug, which were depression and suicidal thoughts. Bill didn’t feel guilty since he didn’t understand what the drug was doing,but soon after that he resigned due to unethical standards pushed by the company. This is morally wrong due to the lack of informed consent. It could be deemed unethical for the quiz to have been created and given without fully informing the participants of the drug’s potential risks and side effects. A fundamental ethical principle in medical research and drug development is informed consent. It can be helpful to ask for feedback from experienced developers or peers. They can offer priceless insights and suggestions for enhancement that can be used in subsequent projects. In this Case Analysis I will argue that the Confucian Ethical Tool shows us that the code was morally problematic because Sourour should have alerted someone before he began that the company was target marketing a dangerous drug, and Sourour should have reported the requests of this client to his supervisors to make them aware of the lethal side effects of this drug.

The Code of Ethics for the the organizations listed in the readings outlines basic rules of code for professional ethics for members of its organization. The code describes principles for ethical standards for Information Systems professionals to follow in their careers. Among the principles are to contribute to the well-being of society, avoid harm to others, be honest and trustworthy, be non-discriminatory, and respect laws. One of the principles in the Code of Ethics is confidentiality. Although Sourour had a responsibility to keep the privacy of his client, he had a bigger moral obligation to alert someone of the dangers of this drug that he was being asked to manipulate marketing for.  There are many of these principles that guide us to understand the ethical choice in this situation. These principles are to contribute to the well-being of society, avoid harm to others, and be honest and trustworthy. Knowing that the drug for which he created the website quiz for had some serious side effects that could put women at mental health risk, Sourour kept his confidentiality of the drug’s side effects. He did not inform his supervisors of the information he had learned. This went against the public safety and avoiding harm to others principles in the Code of Ethics. These have a more prioritized moral responsibility than confidentiality. 

If we are to apply the Confucian Ethical Tool to this case, it would advise us that Sourour should have followed his gut instinct about making a quiz that would trick women into  thinking this drug was their only medical alternative. Before he made the quiz, he questioned the ethics of forcing particular answers on a quiz that would trick women into thinking this drug was their only hope. This practice, although not illegal, had a real risk for public welfare and women that were considering taking this drug should know the potential dangerous side effects. He felt so strongly about this that he resigned working for the company and asked his sister to no longer take this same drug that she had been prescribed. If we compare Sourour to the Drill Instructor in “The Year of the Rat”, both had a similar responsibility for the well-being of individuals. The Drill Instructor was responsible for the safety, well-being, and training for his cadets. At first he was harsh in his disciplinary and teaching ways, which forced his cadets to not trust him and want to avoid him. After he became overwhelmed one day and exploded negatively at the cadets, he realized he had strayed from his moral virtues. He then began changing his behavior to be more of a diplomatic teacher instead of one that tried to train through insults and coersion. Sourour had a responsibility to care for the well-being of women who would take the quiz so they could be warned about the side effects of the drug in the quiz. He did not follow the Conufcian way of thinking and ignored his social moral obligation to challenge his client’s request by manipulating the quiz to force marketing of their drug on young women. He had underlying doubts about creating the quiz, and he should have pushed that issue with his supervisor, who took the quiz. 

Continuing the discussion of professional ethics, the article written by May Beth Armstrong details how confidentiality can differ across varying professions. In a professional career that requires confidentiality, agreements are entered into outlining the basis of the confidentiality measures and both parties agree and are bound by law to abide by certain principles. Her examples include the medical, engineering, and accounting professions. Confididentialty is keeping individual information private, giving the individual autonomy over that private information, and maintaining levels of trust and loyalty. There is a respect within the relationship between the parties that silence will be kept to keep the private information safe. There are some conditions, in the exception, where infringement of those agreements are necessary. As with medical professionals, they are required to keep matters between a doctor and patient confidential, except when required by law. In this instance, a medical profession would be required to infringe on the confidentiality agreement if there is unavoidable harm expected for an individual or group. A doctor is bound by law to warn those persons of potential imminent danger. 

With the engineering profession, this opens up the whistleblowing example. If an engineer has information regarding public safety of a product or service that could potentially have detrimental effects on society or a group of people, it is ethically and morally correct for the engineer to break silence and notify appropriate authorities of a quality control issue. Engineers’ highest duty is to public welfare and safety. An engineer considering whistleblowing would need to carefully consider positive and negative consequences, first attempt to notify management, exhaust all channels of resolution, have documented evidence, and have strong evidence that the product will cause serious harm to the public (Armstrong, 76-77). In the accounting professions, confidentiality should not be broken, no matter the consequences. So, if an accountant feels led to break confidentiality, the best course of action in that case would be to resign their position (Armstrong, 86). 

Knowing all of this information for confidentiality, it is clear that Sourour in the case of the pharmaceutical company, should have voiced his concerns to his supervisors that unethical practices were in place to coerce young women into thinking the pharmaceutical drug was their only solution to a multitude of medical circumstances. When he realized there was public safety and impending harm to others who take this drug, he should’ve taken steps to notify the appropriate agencies that this was happening. At that point, further research could have been performed on the side effects of the drugs and whether Canada should keep the drug in the marketplace. 

As with the Drill Instructor in the Confucian Ethical Tool, there is a level of moral character involved in making moral decision that could affect groups of people. The Drill Instructor had to change his methods of training the cadets so that they would have respect for him and respect authority in order to keep them safe and away from harm from the rats. The same is the case with Sourour. According to Confuscian principles, Sourour should have been responsible to release the information as to what the company was doing with the quiz, especially when he learned the outcome would be the same, no matter what. Not only for this one instance, but over the course of his whole career, Sourour should strive to be morally right and consider making responsible decisions a virtue for his life. I think that was evidenced in the article where he said he regrets things he did. So, he was able to look back on his decisions and decide how he would change his behavior.

In summary, professional ethics comes with a set of understood principles or virtues for appropriate behavior. Many corporations have their own code of ethics that dictate what behavior is acceptable and responsible in certain situations. The upmost important of these which is directly correlated to the Confucian Ethical Tool, is taking care of others and putting their safety and well-being first. This entails making some difficult decisions about your life and deciding what consequences are at stake for both parties. If it is a situation of public harm, the morally right decision is to protect public safety and take actions that will improve quality of life. Advising the appropriate staff or management of the concerns with the quiz and the drug were an important choice that were not morally correct for Sourour, which he realized at a later point. Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. 

Most Relevant to My Career Path

Our digital exploration of the globe is revolutionized by the revolutionary gadget known as Street View. By offering a 360-degree perspective of streets, landmarks, and attractions from around the world, this Google creation gives users an immersive experience. Individuals of Street View can essentially travel through cities, explore famous locations, and even wander off the main roads to discover remote areas. With the help of this cutting-edge tool, users can arrange trips from the comfort of their screens, visit previously visited locations again, and quench their wanderlust. For tourists, researchers, and virtual explorers alike, Street View has emerged as a priceless tool that provides a fascinating and in-depth look at the rich tapestry of our planet. In this case analysis, I will argue that the Confucian Ethical Tool shows that Google should have received the consent from homeowners before placing pictures of their homes and addresses on Google Street View. 

Floridi describes privacy in a way that shows we, as individuals, are the protectors of our information. We are responsible for our own privacy, which is keeping our information safeguarded and away from public knowledge. He indicates that protecting our privacy is a difficult task and one that requires support from our justice system. We need backup from laws, courts, and our executive branches in order to help us protect our privacy. 

Times have changed from before when our private information was more easily guarded. Now that we are on social sites and the internet, it is more difficult to protect our own information. Floridi explains that there are barriers to privacy due to our close living quarters, the bases of our relationships, and our online activity. Information friction is obstacles to the flow of information. This makes it difficult for individuals to steal or obtain our information. Information friction is vital for privacy to be effective. ICT or Information and Communications Technology are making it increasingly difficult to maintain our privacy and have been a growing problem for decades. As hackers and criminals become more sophisticated in their efforts to obtain our information, we, as agents of our information, must become more diligent in protecting our own assets. Our information is our asset. 

In addition, our anonymity is our asset as well. This is our best defense against our information being stolen and our privacy being violated. We, as a society, are information-driven and seek information on other people, products, etc. So, we use our digital presence to gain that information. What we are cavalier about is protecting our own information. We think we are doing the right thing and taking enough precautions to protect our information, but in many instances, we are blind to processes out there to sneak up behind us. We need to take advantage of the empowerment we have and use all the resources at our disposal to protect ourselves. 

In his Reductionist-Interpretation analysis, privacy is important because breaches of our privacy have deep consequences because of the stress it causes and the unfair nature of the theft of our information. He considers this a Consequentialist approach to privacy. In his Ownership-based approach, he says privacy needs to be respected because it goes against our natural rights to protection and our information being only ours. 

Floridi wrote that our information is a product of which we are, our upbringing, the groups we are associated with, and what makes us different from everyone else. This is what makes us individuals. In the age of Environmentalism, our data path is under attack for social, political, monetary purposes and because we are agents of our information, we must be highly diligent to keep it safeguarded.

Google had the responsibility in its role of an information provider to receive the authoritative consent from individuals that it was acceptable to include their personal residences on their Streetview website. Google did not properly execute its role in maintaining the privacy of United States homeowners. Many homeowners were shocked and concerned to look on the website and see pictures of their homes for anyone to see. Much of what Floridi discusses pertains to the Confucian Ethical Tool where the young men were fighting against the rats. The rats in this case are hackers and online criminals trying to steal private information. The boys were fighting against the superhuman rats with little support or backup from the government or military. They relied on the help only from the Drill Instructor. And even in their midst in the end, one of their own was also a rat, Black Panther. This just shows that we don’t know who we can trust with our information or who is lurking to try to steal our data. With all of our information being on Google, we have no protections from our government on eliminating this privacy invasion for the purspose of capitalism. 

Grimmelman used Facebook as an example to explain how the users of this social media platform care about their privacy, but don’t really understand all the ways they need to protect their interests. People misunderstand how they can have their accounts hacked and what they need to do in order to safeguard their information. Facebook users are in a privacy paradox, meaning they say they want to protect their privacy, but their actions don’t indicate as such. They are not very careful with the information they are willing to share and the friends they accept online. Grimmelman also talks about the structural problem with sites like Facebook that allow users the option to protect their privacy, but don’t make it a requirement of their platform. He says that sites like this need to do more to protect privacy of their users. 

In terms of regulations, companies are now liable for data breaches against their networks, which I think should be in place. We, as consumers, trust when we do business with a company, that they have our best interests in mind, and will take all precautions to keep our information safely under their control. So, when companies are hacked, they have fallen short of their duty to protect consumers’ information. This, according to Grimmelman, makes the individual the one ultimately responsible for looking out for themselves.

As in the Confucian Ethical Tool, the boys were responsible for their own protection. The Drill Instructor was doing his best to show them tactics for survival and how to enialate the rats. While he equipped them with valuable methods, it was still Black Panther who was the threat. This was a surprise even to the Drill Instructor. An example of this would be Google who normally takes extensive lengths to protect the privacy of users’ information who have an account on their website. For their Street View release, Google did not properly execute this rollout in regard to the privacy implications it had on individuals. Google making the responsibility to opt out the client responsibility is like the boys fighting the rats. They didn’t know what they were doing at first and needed assistance. Had they not joined this group, would they have even known about the rats? Google did not properly take its due diligence to give homeowners an opportunity to decide whether they wanted their private residences online for the world to see. This was their mistake which led to mistrust for the entire platform.

While Google Street View is a helpful concept, it certainly comes with its flaws and weaknesses. Because this site is so specific in showing the personal residences of individuals’, it is imperative that Google take steps to protect the information and privacy of the people that would be affected. The people did not ask for their homes to be blasted on the internet without their permission for the sake of profits for Google. And for Google to place the responsibility of having their information removed from the site is irresponsible and callous. As Floridi explains it is wrong to have information about yourself online for the entire world to see. This is a perfect example of how ICTs are negatively affecting protection of our privacy. Grimmelman was correct in placing the burden of protection on companies. Companies have many more resources than individuals to protect the information they have been given access to by society. Companies need to be held accountable for their lackadaisical actions for the protection of individuals’ privacy. In the eyes of a Confucionist, Google did not perform their roles and responsibilities to the fullest expectations. They skipped steps and rushed the rollout such that people were angry and upset that their private home was on the internet for anyone to see. For Google Street View, if following Floridi’s guidelines, it would be the responsibility of the individual to appeal to Google to remove their information from the site. This might include removing any images of people, cars, license plates, or specific identifying information which could allow thieves to target them specifically. Grimmelman would put the responsibility of protecting people’s private information on Google and instructing them to take the time to settle the issues with the initial rollout of the product and resolving customers’ concerns before making a large scale rollout of their program. This is very similar to doing market research, taking polls, and responding to concerns, and correcting them before moving forward. This is a general quality control measure. The way Google rolled this out put the burden of privacy on the individual, not on themselves, and so they did not properly execute their role to protect individuals’ privacy. They were trusted to protect this information and they ignored the task.

Best Represents My work

The thrilling and controversial documentary “Collateral Murder” reveals the tragic truths of contemporary warfare. The video, which was made public by WikiLeaks in 2010, shows an American military helicopter attack on Iraqi civilians and Reuters journalists. The video is horrifying because it shows the indiscriminate use of force and the deaths of innocent people. In the documentary, significant issues like accountability, transparency, and the moral ramifications of military operations in conflict zones are raised. Its influence comes from its capacity to spark public discussion about military behavior and the necessity of closer examination of governmental actions. 

The release of the video, however, sparked contentious discussions; while some saw it as a crucial act of whistleblowing for promoting transparency, others saw it as a breach of trust and a threat to national security. In any case, “Collateral Murder” is a potent reminder of the terrible effects of war and the need to be cautious when using force to bring about peace. Her actions were disloyal, breaching trust by leaking classified information and potentially compromising national security. The assessment of Manning’s loyalty is subjective and can differ depending on individual perspectives. Mannings actions were immoral, as she leaked classified information and potentially compromised national security. In this Case Analysis I will argue that  the Ethics of Care Ethical Tool shows us that Manning did not act out of loyalty to the United States, and that her actions were an immoral case of whistleblowing.

In the article “ Whistle blowing and rational loyalty”, “Vandekerckhove” states moral concepts about whistleblowing and loyalty within a organizational and employee standpoint. Whistleblowing is a powerful tool used for holding institutions and organizations responsible for their conduct because it contributes a critical role in showing concealed misconduct within them. Whistleblowers protect the public interest by exposing unlawful, dishonest, or fraudulent conduct, thereby avoiding potential harm to workers, clients, shareholders, and the general public. Being a whistleblower can be difficult and brave because there are many risks involved, including the possibility of retaliation, defamation, or career-related consequences. 

From the perspective of ethics of care, reporting wrongdoing or misconduct involves more than just exposing it; ethics of care also involves showing compassion and taking accountability for those who will be impacted by public disclosure. Whistleblowers must think about how their actions might affect all parties, including the people who are being exposed, their coworkers, the organization, and society at large. Whistleblowing, according to proponents of the ethics of care, is acceptable if it results from a sincere concern for the welfare of others. Disclosure of such information may be viewed as a duty of care towards those who might be harmed if the wrongdoing or conduct poses an elevated likelihood of harm to people or the public.  For example, in the Ethics of Care Ethical Tool, Anwuli found herself an ally in Obi 3. The robot cared for her, tried to help her, took care of her needs, helped upgrade her home so she and her baby would be more protected, and tried to do things to calm her and make her less stressed, such as playing music. Even though robots don’t have feelings, this robot showed care to her by doing these things. Obi 3 did not have the same loyalties with anyone else. So, this established the relationship of loyalty to her and her baby.

In this case, the whistle blowing done by Manning was not justified or warranted in my opinion, and was an immoral act. Although I do think that the information shared with WikiLeaks should have been discussed or divulged in some way to upper levels of authority, the way in which Manning released the information was morally wrong. If Manning was going to release the story of this attack to the public, there were other more reputable sources of integration other than WikiLeaks. A more professional media outlet would have been a better choice. In addition, Manning also told a hacker about the whistle blowing act. So, by sharing this confidential information with public news outlets and hackers, all of this put the United States in jeopardy. By disclosing classified military information to a public media source and person capable of tapping into United States documents, this put the entire country’s military operations in Iraq at risk. Therefore, this whistleblowing act was an act of treason against a whole mass of people. This was not showing care for his employer nor the people of the Untied States.

A sympathetic approach to whistleblowing is provided by the ethics of care, which impacts an agreement between the responsibility to prevent wrongdoing and taking into account the well-being and interpersonal connections of the whistleblower. Critics counter that while it may uphold the status of a current situation, it does not encourage blind allegiance. Instead, it places a focus on deliberate, sympathetic actions that put the greater good first. The ethics of care encourages responsible whistleblowing by encouraging open communication and understanding, addressing ethical issues while developing a caring organizational culture.

An ethical theory known as the ethics of care emphasizes the significance of compassionate relationships, empathy, and compassion in making ethical choices. Fundamentally, ethics of care opposes the traditional emphasis on disconnected rules and principles in favor of a focus on the unique needs and weaknesses of people as well as communities. The idea of “rational loyalty” is one of the foundations of care ethics. Showing loyalty to someone is not just an emotional reaction, but also a morally right decision. This point of view argues that understanding the mutual dependence and unity of people leads to loyalty.

The case for rational loyalty in the context of care ethics is based on the idea that empathy is an essential component of what it means to be a human being. We can make more ethical choices by developing empathy while also taking into account how our actions will affect other people. Additionally, rational loyalty acknowledges that concern goes beyond personal connections to include communities, societies, and even international settings. Critics of the ethics of care might say that its emphasis on interpersonal relationships and specific to the setting that making decisions may cause moral assessments to be inconsistent. But supporters argue that rational loyalty, based on empathy and compassion, offers a richer and more nuanced ethical framework that takes into account the complexity of human experiences and promotes a more compassionate and just society.

In the article written by Oxley and Wittkower, loyalty is discussed in the workplace as caring for your organization and the people you work with and for. Loyalty involves care and concern for others. In business, an employee’s responsibility is not only to come to work and perform contractual obligations of their job, but also to show loyalty towards the people in the workplace and to the organization that they work for. Because loyalty is a correlation between people and care, it isn’t necessarily a contractual obligation of employment. Performing your job duties is your contractual obligation. Being a trustworthy employee, going above and beyond your job expectations, and showing partiality to  your employer expresses loyalty to your company, your supervisor, and your fellow employees. The degree of loyalty depends on the nature of the relationship. As with whistleblowing, the first obligation a person has is to make sure their actions in the workplace uphold legal interests and no laws are broken. So, a person’s obligations to justice are most important. Second follows loyalty to their employer, which involves care about the organization and about the people with whom they work and communicate with. 

In the Ethical Tool Care of Ethics, Obi 3 developed a caring relationship for Anwuli. The concern Obi 3 felt for her and her baby was shown in the loyalty given to her. This loyalty was portrayed in the protective measures that were placed into making the home more secure for her and the baby. The logic behind this act was care, concern, and thus, loyalty. Obi 3 showed partiality to Anwuli as he/she was obligated to care for her, but at the same time became her friend and wanted to care for her in a more extensive way. Whistleblowers owe loyalty to their employer to be honest, truthful, and trustworthy with company inside information that should be kept confidential. Manning did not show loyalty to the Untied States military by leaking classified secrets and documents to media outlets and a hacker. 

Finally, ethics of care offers a unique perspective on whistleblowing. Whistleblowing can be morally acceptable, according to proponents of ethics of care, if it is done in order to preserve the weak and hold wrongdoers responsible and is motivated by empathy and compassion. The focus on relationality and context recognizes that decisions regarding whistleblowing should take into account the impact on the individuals and communities involved. Arguments against whistleblowing from a care ethics perspective point out potential threats to relationships’ loyalty and trust. Whistleblowing, according to critics, can sever caring ties and shatter social bonds, with negative repercussions for those involved. The ethics of care framework ultimately challenges conventional ethical theories that give preference to impersonal rules over relational factors. As a result of emphasizing the importance of emotional interactions and mutual dependence on issues of ethics, it promotes a deeper investigation of ethical choices. The complexity of whistleblowing cases necessitates a nuanced analysis that balances the moral requirement of telling the truth with the need to uphold trust and protect vulnerable parties, even though ethics of care offers insightful perspectives.

Citation:Vandekerckhove, W., Commers, M. Whistle Blowing and Rational Loyalty. Journal of Business Ethics 53, 225–233 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BUSI.0000039411.11986.6b