Background

Sea level rise (SLR) has resulted in changes in average water level during high tide in many areas causing more frequent inundation of low-lying areas (Ezer 2018), including cities of the north-east coast of the U.S., like Norfolk, VA (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Map showing the City of Norfolk, VA (yellow). The inset shows a map of the continental U.S. with the state of Virginia highlighted (green).
Figure 1. Map showing the City of Norfolk, VA (yellow). The inset shows a map of the continental U.S. with the state of Virginia highlighted (green).