The article offers a clear analysis of bug bounty programs and their role in cybersecurity policy, especially through the lens of economic cost-benefit principles. In the literature review, the authors explain that these programs allow federal agencies to invite ethical hackers to identify system vulnerabilities in exchange for payment. This crowdsourced model helps agencies access a wider range of skills without the ongoing expense of large internal security teams. The review also points out that bug bounty programs reflect a broader move toward more collaborative and flexible cybersecurity practices.

In the discussion section, the article highlights some of the challenges that come with these programs. One issue is the inconsistency in how different federal agencies manage and implement bug bounty efforts. Some agencies have structured and transparent programs, while others are still developing them. Another challenge is the legal uncertainty faced by ethical hackers. Even when acting in good faith, unclear or inconsistent legal protections can discourage participation. The article also stresses that simply identifying vulnerabilities is not enough. Agencies need to have strong internal processes to prioritize and fix the issues that are reported.

Overall, the article supports bug bounty programs as an effective and financially practical tool for improving cybersecurity. At the same time, it underlines the need for better coordination, clearer legal guidelines, and stronger follow-up systems. These programs are a step in the right direction but require thoughtful design and consistent management to reach their full potential.