Article One Review:Cyberbullying On Social Media
\nManuel Randolph
\nSchool Of CyberSecurity, Old Dominion University
\nCYSE 201S: Cybersecurity and the Social Sciences
\nDiwakar Yalpi
\n2\/24\/2026
\n2
\nIn the digital age, cyberbullying has become one of the most important social issues. Poor
\nonline behaviors have grown in number as social media platforms have become essential for
\nsocial engagement, identity creation, and communication. In their 2024 paper that was published
\nin the Journal of Cybersecurity, Ray, McDermott, and Nicho perform a thorough examination
\nthat looks at the definition, incidence, and effects of cyberbullying on victims. The paper places
\ncyberbullying solidly within the field of social science research by stressing human behavior,
\nsocial interaction, and psychological impacts rather than only technical cybersecurity measures.
\nThis review provides crucial insight into the theoretical and practical aspects of online harm by
\nsynthesizing previous empirical studies to find trends, contradictions, and research gaps.
\nBecause it explores relationships between people, power dynamics, psychological
\nsuffering, and societal structures in digital environments, this essay strongly reflects social
\nscience ideas. Cyberbullying is a behavioral and cultural issue influenced by norms, identity,
\ngroup dynamics, and social power rather than a technical software bug. Sociology, psychology,
\ncriminology, and communication studies are social scientific fields that help explain why people
\nengage in cyberbullying and the effects it has on victims. The study also addresses basic
\nproblems in social science related to definition and measure. The absence of an accepted
\ndefinition of cyberbullying across research is one of the main problems the authors point out.
\nThe difference makes it difficult to contrast results, calculate incidence, and develop
\ninterventions. The definitional dispute serves as an example of how social constructions
\ninfluence the results of research. The essay also looks at social variables including gender and
\nage, showing how social identity affects experience and vulnerability. These components support
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\nthe notion that in order to properly comprehend digital risk, cybersecurity must take social
\nscience viewpoints into account.
\nThis article does not present a single formal hypothesis with obviously variable
\nmanipulation because it is a systematic literature review rather than a single experimental
\ninvestigation. Rather, the writers structure their work according to a number of leading research
\nquestions:
\nWhat does academic literature define as cyberbullying?
\nHow common is cyberbullying on social media, according to reports?
\nWhat social and psychological effects are linked to being a victim of cyberbullying?
\nWhat are the existing research’s shortcomings or conflicts?
\nThe review synthesizes many studies that test independent variables (IV) and dependent
\nvariables (DV), but it does not test any of them itself. Age, gender, social media usage frequency,
\nand exposure to online harassment are common independent variables found in all of the
\nevaluated studies. Psychological effects like anxiety, depression, stress, declining self-esteem,
\nand sleep disturbance are common dependent variables.
\nFor instance, reported victimization rates or mental health outcomes are considered
\ndependent variables, whereas gender is frequently classified as an independent variable. In the
\nsame way, exposure to cyberbullying might serve as the DV and degree of online participation as
\nan IV. The authors demonstrate how measurement differences have a substantial impact on
\nreported conclusions by examining this research collectively.
\nUsing the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and
\nMeta-Analyses) framework, the authors performed a systematic review of the literature.
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\nTransparency and accuracy in the identification, screening, and selection of research is ensured
\nby this methodical method. Thousands of articles were first found in scholarly databases. 71
\npeer-reviewed articles were chosen for final analysis after duplicates were eliminated and
\neligibility and exclusion criteria were applied.
\nResearch studies on cyberbullying on social media platforms conducted between 2007
\nand 2022 were the main focus of the inclusion criteria. Excluded were studies with little evidence
\nor that concentrated on other types of digital harm. The findings’ reliability and dependability are
\nraised by this methodical procedure. PRISMA-based reviews, in contrast to narrative reviews,
\nadhere to established screening protocols that bolster the results’ scientific legitimacy. Secondary
\ndata from the selected 71 studies is summarized in the article. Numerous techniques, such as
\nsurveys, self-report questionnaires, interviews, and statistical modeling, were employed in these
\nstudies to gather data. The majority of research measured victimization rates and psychological
\nimpacts primarily using qualitative survey data.
\nInstead of performing a statistical meta-analysis, the authors conducted a qualitative
\nsynthesis. They collected published prevalence statistics, classified definitions of cyberbullying,
\nand found trends in psychological effects. One important discovery was that conflicting
\ndefinitions and measurement methods led to significant variations in estimations of prevalence.
\nWhile some research included intent to injure and repetition in the definition, others did not. The
\nreported rates of victimization were considerably impacted by this difference. According to the
\nreport, there are gaps in our knowledge of cyberbullying among adults and older groups because
\nteenagers are the most frequently studied demographic. Technical flaws that restrict generality
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\nand cross-study comparability are highlighted in the review. This article is linked to a number of
\nideas from social science and cybersecurity courses. First, there is a considerable emphasis on
\nthe role that human factors play in cybersecurity. Malware and hacking are not the only threats
\nthat exist; negative actions like harassment and assault can jeopardize people’s online safety and
\nwellbeing. Class discussions regarding the relationship between technology and society are
\nreflected in the article.
\nSecond, the idea of letting go online is important. Social media settings have a chance to
\nreduce social responsibility by promoting adverse behaviors that people might not take offline.
\nThird, the article’s criticism of unclear terms revolves around measurement and
\noperationalization concerns, which are covered in research methodology classes. Lastly, the
\nessay connects to more general debates of cyber law about user safeguards and platform
\nresponsibility. The essay highlights how some groups are particularly impacted by cyberbullying,
\nespecially women and teenagers. According to the studies cited in the article, women frequently
\nreport more abuse and more severe psychological effects. This conclusion relates to larger
\nsocietal trends of discrimination and harassment based on gender.
\nOnline environments can cause harm to those who are marginalized. People who are
\nmembers of socially vulnerable groups, LGBTQ+ communities, or racial minorities frequently
\nface targeted harassment that combines with identity-based abuse. The article recognizes the
\nsignificance of looking at differential impacts, even though not all of the examined studies
\nconcentrate exclusively on these populations. Future researchers should fill the gap in the
\nliterature caused by a lack of study on various groups. The essay adds to talks on digital equity
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\nand safety for those who are vulnerable by acknowledging these differences. Cyberbullying is a
\nsocial justice issue in addition to a behavioral one. This article helps in a number of important
\nways. By combining two decades of research into a well-organized summary, it first offers
\nclarity. Secondly, it finds conflicts that limit the advancement of policy development and
\nprevention. Thirdly, it highlights the necessity of better measurement instruments and uniform
\nterms.
\nPolicymakers, educators, mental health specialists, and cybersecurity professionals can
\nalso benefit from the review. These results can be used by schools to create prevention initiatives
\nthat are more successful. Applying standard definitions helps policymakers better grasp the
\nissue’s extent. Clearer concepts could also be helpful to IT businesses when creating content
\nmoderation guidelines. The post closes by reiterating that security is about protecting people as
\nmuch as technological advances. It takes collaboration between departments between
\ntechnologists, social scientists, educators, and legislators to combat cyberbullying.
\nConclusion
\nThe systematic literature review by Ray, McDermott, and Nicho offers a thorough
\nanalysis of the terms, incidence, and psychological effects of cyberbullying. The authors identify
\nsignificant gaps and differences in the current body of research by using strict selection methods
\nand combining results from empirical studies. In addition to point out the importance of defining
\nstandards and expanding demography coverage in future research, the study emphasizes the
\nsignificance of including social science viewpoints into cybersecurity conversations. All things
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\nconsidered, the paper significantly advances our knowledge of the social aspects of digital harm
\nand the need to safeguard vulnerable groups online.
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\nCitation
\nRay, G., McDermott, C., & Nicho, M. (2024). Cyberbullying on social media: Definitions,
\nprevalence, and impact challenges. Journal of Cybersecurity, 10(1), tyae026.
\nhttps:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cybersecurity\/article\/10\/1\/tyae026\/7928395
\nArticle URL
\nhttps:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cybersecurity\/article\/10\/1\/tyae026\/7928395<\/p>\n
Article two Review: Crimes of Human Organ Trafficking and TheirRelation to Human
\nTrafficking
\nCrimes
\nAnd
\nAdministrative Control in Saudi Law
\nManuel Randolph
\nSchool of Cybersecurity, Old Dominion University
\nCYSE 201S: Cybersecurity and the Social Sciences
\nDiwakar Yalpi
\n4\/14\/2026
\n2
\nThis article looks at how social engineering methods are used by hackers to trick people
\ninto exposing private information. The study emphasizes how human behavior rather than just
\ntechnology plays a significant role in cybersecurity weaknesses, highlighting the social and
\npsychological components of cybercrime.
\nThe subject has close connections to a number of core concepts in the social sciences,
\nsuch as criminology, sociology, and psychology. The article discusses how attackers take use of
\nhuman emotions like fear, trust, and hurry from a psychological perspective. From a sociological
\nperspective, it shows how communication styles and social relationships affect a person’s
\nvulnerability to cybercrime. The article covers criminal behavior, motivations, and methods for
\ncommitting cybercrimes from a criminology view. These guidelines show that cybercrime is a
\nhuman-centered problem as much as a technical one.
\nThe primary study question focuses on the use of social engineering techniques to trick
\npeople into risking their security. According to the theory, people who are ignorant of protocols
\nfor cybersecurity are more vulnerable to these assaults.
\nUsers’ awareness or knowledge about cybersecurity is the Independent Variable (IV).
\nThe probability of becoming a victim to social engineering scams is the Dependent Variable
\n(DV). The study shows that vulnerability rises as awareness declines.
\nUsing qualitative research methods, the article mostly relies on case studies and a
\nreview of the literature. It looks at actual cases of cybercrime and explores trends in social
\nengineering methods. This approach makes it possible to fully understand cybercriminals’
\nactions and behavior in great detail.
\n3
\nThe study makes use of secondary information, such as reports, documented
\ncybercrime cases, and previously published studies. The analysis, which shows prevalent
\nstrategies including phishing, pretexting, and baiting, is primarily descriptive and
\nthematic. The paper focuses on explaining patterns and trends in cybercriminal conduct
\nrather than largely relying on statistical data.
\nThis article relates to a number of topics covered in class, such as cybersecurity
\nawareness, risk assessment, and routine activity theory. According to the theory of
\nroutine activity, cybercrime happens when a suitable target, a motivated criminal, and a
\nlack of care come together. By showing how people can lessen their vulnerability through
\nawareness and education, the essay also supports the idea of risk management. It also
\nconfirms the significance of human elements in cybersecurity, which has been touched on
\nin lectures.
\nThe paper emphasizes how at risk disadvantaged individuals are to social engineering
\nattacks, including the elderly, those with poor incomes, and those with low levels of internet
\nliteracy. These populations can be easier targets because they don’t have access to cybersecurity
\nresources or knowledge. The article further shows that raising awareness in these groups can
\ngreatly lower victimization, demonstrating their potential to improve cybersecurity in general.
\nBy showing the need for education and knowledge in avoiding cybercrime, this study benefits
\nsociety. Additionally, it promotes the creation of stronger training programs by helping
\ncorporations and lawmakers in understanding the human aspect of cybersecurity. The essay also
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\nsheds light on the methods used by cybercriminals, which can help create preventive measures
\nthat are more successful.
\nThe article continues by showing how human behavior and social interaction are important to
\ncybercrime, especially social engineering. The study offers a thorough explanation of how and
\nwhy these attacks happen by linking together ideas from criminology, sociology, and
\npsychology. The results emphasize the necessity of raising awareness and educating people in
\norder to lessen vulnerabilities and shield people from online dangers.
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\nReferences
\nInternational Journal of Cybercriminology. (n.d.). Cybercrime and social engineering attacks.
\nRetrieved from
\nhttps:\/\/cybercrimejournal.com\/menuscript\/index.php\/cybercrimejournal\/article\/view\/462\/140<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Article ONE Article One Review:Cyberbullying On Social Media Manuel Randolph School Of CyberSecurity, Old Dominion University CYSE 201S: Cybersecurity and the Social Sciences Diwakar Yalpi 2\/24\/2026 2 In the digital age, cyberbullying has become one of the most important social issues. Poor online behaviors have grown in number as social media platforms have become essential… <\/p>\n