Annotated Bibliography

Military Hospitals:

1.George Peabody Wetmore. (1901). “National Dorothea Dix Memorial Association. Monument to Dorothea Lynde Dix at Hampden, Maine.” https://congressional-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/congressional/result/pqpresultpage.gispdfhitspanel.pdflink/$2fapp-bin$2fgis-serialset$2f5$2f2$2f2$2ff$2f4064_srp1772_from_1_to_6.pdf/entitlementkeys=1234%7Capp-gis%7Cserialset%7C4064_s.rp.1772
This document was very well written about Dorothea Dix. It describes her life in genuine detail. They made a memorial for her because of her sacrifice. She did a lot of things in life for others not for herself. This article also provides the history about the memorial association and how it was only $1 to be a member. This article also helps people learn about very specific things about Dorothea Dix. It is a great article to read and pretty interesting to learn about.

2. Alan J. Hawk. Military Hospitals in the American Civil War https://www.academia.edu/3302400/Military_Hospitals_in_the_American_Civil_War
This article provides in depth detail describing everything you need to know about military hospitals. It tells how many bed where there to the different militaries that could be helped there. The author does a well job about explaining everything in military hospitals. This article even explains about the pricing of the beds for military to stay there. This is a wonderful resource to help me get the information I need to complete my part of the project.

3. Peterson, RH. (1978). “The United-States-Sanitary-Commission and King, Thomas, Starr in California, 1861-1864”
https://www-jstor-org.proxy.lib.odu.edu/stable/25177379?sid=primo&origin=crossref&seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
This journal article contains well thought out details about the sanitary commissions. How the rooms were and describes them in a lot of detail. It also provides information about the nurses who worked there. This journal also provides pictures of different types of things that have to do with the sanitary commissions. This is a great resource to help me get primary sources and information I need to inform the class about what sanitary commissions were.

4. Andrew G. Wood. Biography on Dorthea Lynde Dix https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1500181                                                                      This document gave me information about Dorthea’s life and what she did during the Civil War. It tells me how many people she trained to work in the mental hospitals. Also discusses about her special recognition that happened during the war. This document gave me specific information about exactly what Dorthea Dix accomplished during the Civil War.

Clara Barton and the Red Cross:

  • “Clara Barton.” American Red Cross, www.redcross.org/about-us/who-we-are/history/clara-barton.html

The red cross is a good source for information as it is the organization originally created by Clara Barton. The site still does have potential for bias towards only mentioning good things about the red cross since it is a direct source. Overall it has very good general info on Barton and the start of the Red Cross. Markel, Dr. Howard.

  • “Clara Barton – Biography.” Clara Barton Museum, www.clarabartonmuseum.org/bio/.

This source had really good general information but also good specifics with dates. Majority of the pictures used came from this site. The pictures were either from primary sources or respectable places such as the library of congress. The site is for a museum on Barton’s life therefore a majority of the information comes from primary sources.

  • “Clara Barton Chronology.” National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, www.nps.gov/clba/learn/kidsyouth/chron1.htm.

The site is from the national park service which is a reputable government site. This specific page was part of a feature for a museum in a park on Clara Barton. The information on the site is great for creating a timeline as all of Barton’s life and achievements are put in detailed order. The site also features a few primary sources from soldiers and Barton’s writings.

  • “Clara Barton’s Crusade to Bring the Red Cross to America.” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, 22 May 2014, www.pbs.org/newshour/health/clara-barton-founding-american-red-cross.

This source is mostly really useful for direct quotes and pictures. Majority of the information on the site is the same repeated from other sites but it also includes direct quotes from Barton and other people who were important and contributed at the time

Nitrous Oxide, Ether, and Chloroform:

  • 1.Boyd, Jane E. “Painless Dreams.” Science History Institute, Distillations , 20 Apr. 2017         http://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/painless-dreams> Accessed 13           September 2018.

This magazine article contains information regarding chloroform, nitrous oxide, and
Ether. The author goes through the history of each and describes how they came to be
anesthetics. Boyd includes the names of numerous important individuals and their
lasting impact on the world of anesthesia. Boyd also includes primary sources throughout the article: quotes from Stonewall Jackson and Queen Victoria who had
chloroform to reduce pain, a poem called Operation by William Ernest Henley that
describes the sensation of having chloroform, the Ether Song by Douglas Maclagen, and photos of the bottles of anesthetics. The magazine was published by the magazine
Distillations which belongs to the Science History Institute. This resource allows readers to discover in depth information about the three anesthetics used during the Civil War. The magazine differs from other sources because it not only includes information regarding all three anesthetics, but also weaves in primary sources for the reader to reference. This resource provides important content and primary sources that can be used for the project

  • 2. Dunn, P. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports., U.S. National Library of  Medicine, May 2002, <http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1721404/>.  Accessed 13 September 2018

The journal describes an in depth background of Sir James Young Simpson and outlines his career. The author focuses on information regarding Simpson’s life and his impact on the medical community. The writing is well organized and easy for the reader to follow. This journal appears on the well respected website of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. This resource allows the reader to gain more knowledge about Simpson and understand the importance of his work. This source differs from others because it solely focuses on Simpson. This journal provides insightful information that will be used in the project.

  • 3.   Reimer, Terry. “Anesthesia in the Civil War.” National Museum of Civil War Medicine, 24 Jan 2017. <http://www.civilwarmed.org/anesthesia/>. Accessed 14 September 2018.

The article explains how there is a misconception regarding anesthesia in the Civil War.
The author provides statistical evidence to establish that anesthesia was widely used
before the Civil War and was administered throughout the war as well. The article also
describes a brief history of chloroform and ether and describes how they were
Administered. The source also includes important dates relevant to the topic. This
information was published on the website of the reputable National Museum of Civil War Medicine. This article is intended for individuals wanting to learn more about the
anesthesia during the time of the Civil War. This resource is different from the others
because it includes a section that compares and contrasts ether and chloroform and
explains why chloroform was more used. This is an interesting source that illuminates the topic because it allows the reader to visualize the way the anesthetics were administers and gives them a better understanding of their impact.

  • 4. Rutkow, Ira M. “Anesthesia During the Civil War.” JAMA, American Medical Association, 1 June 1999. <http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/article-abstract/390302>.    Accessed 13 September 2018.

This journal describes the mentality people had towards anesthesia and surgeons before
and during the Civil War. It explains how people chose to focus on the folklore
surrounding the topic and did not have any true knowledge based in facts. The journal
also has a percentage breakdown of the anesthetics used and how many of them
resulted in deaths from time to time. The author also hypothesizes the causes of these
deaths during surgery. This journal was originally published by the well known
American Medical Association and is to allow readers to better understand the mentality of the people of the time and also the pros of short doses of anesthesia for soldier in war. This resource contains statistical evidence that can be used for the project. This journal is important because it justifies short term doses, which was a controversial action in the Civil War.

Civil War Burial

  • Elmer E. Ellsworth Portrait, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Simthsonia.com accessed Sep. 25,2018,https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-death-of-colonel-ellsworth-878695/

Upper torso image of Ellsworth in uniform.

Brief overview of the medical issues and their solutions. This video provided me with information on diseases and the health concerns of soldiers.

Brief Article on the life of Elmer E. Ellsworth. This article provided me with Ellsworth’s connection to Lincoln and how he died.

  • Faust, Drew Gilpin  “Death and Dying”, National Parks, accessed Sep.25,2018, https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/national_cemeteries/death.html

Detailed article on the toll the dead bodies took on the military concerning public health. Helped me gather information on major step-by-step burial process.

  • Faust, Drew Gilpin  2015, “The Republic Suffering: Death and the American Civil War” Vintage Books, accessed Sep. 18,2018

Faust writes on the tolls the war had on the dead and the living. She captures the suffering through a wide range of affected individuals. This book provided me with the weight the dead had on society.

An image of people burying a soldier on farmland. Primary Source depicts the sober aspect of death. It also highlights how isolated death can be, one dies alone.

Provided background Information on funeral styles Pre-Civil War. This website gave me a picture of traditional burial and grieving practice of the day to compare to the Civil Wars practices.

  • Groeling, Meg 2015, “The Aftermath of the Battle: The Burial of the Civil War Dead” Savas Beaties LLC accessed Sep. 18,2018

The book focuses on all the who, what, where, when, and whys relating to the dead soldiers. Cover a range of topics from burial ceremonies to the effect on dead had on the living. Groeling’s book gave me a solid information of how graves were created.

Scott breaks down John Meacham Follet’s letters. Follet writes about his experience as a solider. Scott separates the letters highlighting important people and giving background information on the content. This article included a primary source that shared a soldier’s everyday; fear, concern, observation, and camp life.

  • O’Sullivan, Timothy H. May 1864, “1st Mass. Heavy Artillery burying the dead at Mrs. Allsop’s House, Pine Forest near Spotsylvania Court House, after the battle of 19th May, 1864. [Stereograph]”, Library of Congress New-York Historical Society, accesses Sep. 25,2018, https://www.loc.gov/resource/cwpb.00344/

Primary source providing visual soldiers burying dead while officer oversees.

  • “Monument where Lincoln’s famous Gettysburg Address was made, Pennsylvania”, 1927, Library of Congress, Key Stone View Company, accessed Sep. 25,2018, https://www.loc.gov/resource/cph.3c01065/

Sterograph of a mass graveyard in Pennsylvania, multiple roses of headstones.