{"id":228,"date":"2026-05-06T00:43:21","date_gmt":"2026-05-06T00:43:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/ntm1794\/?page_id=228"},"modified":"2026-05-06T00:49:00","modified_gmt":"2026-05-06T00:49:00","slug":"article-review","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/ntm1794\/cyse-201s\/article-review\/","title":{"rendered":"Article Review"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Article Review No. 1<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nicholas T. Martin&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Department of Cybersecurity; Old Dominion University&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>CYSE 201S: Cybersecurity and the Social Sciences&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Professor Diwakar&nbsp;Yalpi&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2\/26\/2026&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Abstract<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this article, I will be analyzing a 2025&nbsp;<em>International Journal of Cyber&nbsp;Criminology<\/em>&nbsp;article by&nbsp;Mohanad M. S. Ghaleb and Jamshid&nbsp;Pardaev<em>&nbsp;<\/em>entitled,&nbsp;\u201cControlling Cyber Crime through Information Security Compliance Behavior: Role of Cybersecurity Awareness, Organizational Culture and Trust&nbsp;in Management.\u201d&nbsp;I will&nbsp;determine&nbsp;the research methods&nbsp;utilized, the independent and dependent variable(s), and&nbsp;demonstrate&nbsp;the connection the conducted research expressed in the article has with the social sciences.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Research Method and Variable(s)<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The researchers in the article strived to discern the reality of six proposed hypotheses which centered around organizational culture, trust in upper management, and the cultivation of compliance behaviors, and posited&nbsp;that increasing trust, employee engagement, and organizational culture also increases information security compliance behavior.&nbsp;The identified independent variables are&nbsp;<em>organizational culture, cybersecurity awareness,&nbsp;<\/em>and&nbsp;<em>employee involvement.<\/em>&nbsp;The&nbsp;test variable, or dependent variable, is&nbsp;<em>information security compliance behavior.&nbsp;<\/em>The mediating variable is&nbsp;<em>trust in management<\/em>.&nbsp;The researchers&nbsp;utilized&nbsp;physical and digital survey&nbsp;questionnaires across dozens of organizations to gather quantitative data on&nbsp;organization culture, cybersecurity awareness, employee engagement, trust in management, and information security compliance. The research produced over 250&nbsp;responses&nbsp;that were organized into tables, analyzed, and discussed to&nbsp;render&nbsp;a&nbsp;meaningful conclusion (Ghaleb &amp;&nbsp;Pardaev, 2025).&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Key Findings<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Following the analysis of the&nbsp;data gathered, the researchers&nbsp;determined&nbsp;that their&nbsp;initial&nbsp;hypotheses were correct.&nbsp;According to the article, \u201cThe results affirm that building a security-first culture, trust in leadership, and heightened employee engagement are not merely ethical or strategic intentions,&nbsp;these are critical&nbsp;mechanisms for ensuring effective compliance action in today&#8217;s digital world.\u201d&nbsp;The article goes on to suggest that effective security measures are not created solely out of technical applications, but also human compliance to standards&nbsp;and procedures (Ghaleb &amp;&nbsp;Pardaev, 2025).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Connection to Social Sciences and&nbsp;Conclusion<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The article, and the research&nbsp;therein, show a clear interdisciplinary connection to social sciences.&nbsp;By measuring the security compliance of employees based on management trust and engagement, the researchers are taking a psychological\/sociological approach. Further, the article&nbsp;states&nbsp;the theories the research is centered on:&nbsp;<em>Theory of Planned Behavior, Social Exchange Theory,&nbsp;<\/em>and&nbsp;<em>Jobs Demands-Resources Theory&nbsp;<\/em>(Ghaleb &amp;&nbsp;Pardaev, 2025). These theories also show a clear connection to social sciences and&nbsp;demonstrates&nbsp;the crucial&nbsp;role psychology and sociology&nbsp;play&nbsp;in formulating and executing effective information security systems.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>References<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ghaleb, M. M. S., &amp;&nbsp;Pardaev, J. (2025). Controlling&nbsp;cyber crime&nbsp;through information security compliance behavior: Role of cybersecurity awareness, organizational&nbsp;culture&nbsp;and trust in management.&nbsp;<em>International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 19<\/em>(1).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/cybercrimejournal.com\/menuscript\/index.php\/cybercrimejournal\/article\/view\/437?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/cybercrimejournal.com\/menuscript\/index.php\/cybercrimejournal\/article\/view\/437<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Article Review #2: Human Factors in Cybersecurity<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nicholas T. Martin&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>School of Cybersecurity, Old Dominion University&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>CYSE 201S: Cybersecurity and the Social Sciences&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Professor Diwakar&nbsp;Yalpi&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4\/18\/2026&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>BLUF<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I will be reviewing the article&nbsp;<em>Human Factors in&nbsp;Cybersecurity:&nbsp;An&nbsp;Interdisciplinary&nbsp;Review and&nbsp;Framework&nbsp;Proposal<\/em>, written by Khadka, K. and Ullah&nbsp;A.B. in 2025 and published by the International Journal of Information Security. The purpose of the article is to examine how human factors correlate with cybersecurity and to propose integrations of psychology and sociology into cybersecurity frameworks.&nbsp;The key finding in the article is that the majority of security vulnerabilities stem from human&nbsp;fallibility.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Relation to Social Sciences<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The article provides an interdisciplinary analysis of cybersecurity and its relation to human psychology. The article focuses on psychology, sociology, and organizational behavior.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Research Question\/Hypothesis\/Independent Variable\/Dependent Variable<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Research Question:&nbsp;How do&nbsp;human, psychological, and organizational factors&nbsp;affect cybersecurity effectiveness?&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Hypothesis: Integrating human psychology, sociology,&nbsp;and&nbsp;organizational&nbsp;behavior into cybersecurity frameworks will improve security outcomes.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Independent Variable: Awareness, cognitive bias, organizational behavior, social influence.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Dependent Variable: Security behavior, security effectiveness, incident rates.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Type of Research Method<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The authors of the article&nbsp;utilize&nbsp;qualitative literature review to study their research&nbsp;question.&nbsp;The researchers analyzed industry literature from cybersecurity professionals, psychology\/sociology&nbsp;fields, as well as security frameworks to create&nbsp;a broad, interdisciplinary view of the research question.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Type of Data Analysis<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The authors&nbsp;predominantly use&nbsp;a qualitative lens to study and integrate literature from different disciples, such as cybersecurity, psychology, and organizational management. They also&nbsp;utilize&nbsp;thematic analysis to&nbsp;determine&nbsp;how human behavior, biases, and social influences effects security posture. The researchers focus on&nbsp;human borne vulnerabilities, security awareness, incident rates, and organizational culture.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Connection to Course Concepts<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The human factor in cybersecurity has been a continuous theme throughout the course. This includes concepts like personality types, cognitive bias, trust theory, fallibility,&nbsp;etc. The general&nbsp;concesus&nbsp;of the coursework has been that humans are a&nbsp;unqiue&nbsp;vulnerable part of any information security system, and this article reaffirms this conclusion. The article further posits that human factors must be considered in security frameworks to&nbsp;establish&nbsp;an effective security posture.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Overall Contributions<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What this article does best is that it bridges the divide between cybersecurity and behavioral sciences. It also illustrates how system defenses cannot&nbsp;soley&nbsp;rely on technical mitigation, but that human awareness and training are crucial elements to foster&nbsp;cybersecurity.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>References<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Khadka, K. and Ullah A.B.&nbsp;(2025).&nbsp;<em>Human factors in cybersecurity: An interdisciplinary review and framework proposal<\/em>.&nbsp;<em>International Journal of Information Security<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10207-025-01032-0<\/p>\n\n\n<nav class=\"is-responsive wp-block-navigation is-layout-flex wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex\" aria-label=\"Menu\" \n\t\t\tdata-wp-interactive\n\t\t\tdata-wp-context='{\"core\":{\"navigation\":{\"overlayOpenedBy\":[],\"type\":\"overlay\",\"roleAttribute\":\"\",\"ariaLabel\":\"Menu\"}}}'\n\t\t><button aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open menu\" class=\"wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-open \" \n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.core.navigation.openMenuOnClick\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--keydown=\"actions.core.navigation.handleMenuKeydown\"\n\t\t><svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect x=\"4\" y=\"7.5\" width=\"16\" height=\"1.5\" \/><rect x=\"4\" y=\"15\" width=\"16\" height=\"1.5\" \/><\/svg><\/button>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-navigation__responsive-container  \" style=\"\" id=\"modal-1\" \n\t\t\tdata-wp-class--has-modal-open=\"selectors.core.navigation.isMenuOpen\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-class--is-menu-open=\"selectors.core.navigation.isMenuOpen\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-effect=\"effects.core.navigation.initMenu\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--keydown=\"actions.core.navigation.handleMenuKeydown\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--focusout=\"actions.core.navigation.handleMenuFocusout\"\n\t\t\ttabindex=\"-1\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-navigation__responsive-close\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-navigation__responsive-dialog\" \n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-modal=\"selectors.core.navigation.ariaModal\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"selectors.core.navigation.ariaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--role=\"selectors.core.navigation.roleAttribute\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-effect=\"effects.core.navigation.focusFirstElement\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button aria-label=\"Close menu\" class=\"wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-close\" \n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.core.navigation.closeMenuOnClick\"\n\t\t><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M13 11.8l6.1-6.3-1-1-6.1 6.2-6.1-6.2-1 1 6.1 6.3-6.5 6.7 1 1 6.5-6.6 6.5 6.6 1-1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content\" id=\"modal-1-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"wp-block-navigation__container is-responsive wp-block-navigation\"><li class=\" wp-block-navigation-item  menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\"  href=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/ntm1794\/\" title=\"\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">About Me<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" wp-block-navigation-item  menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current_page_parent wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\"  href=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/ntm1794\/blog\/\" title=\"\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Blog<\/span><\/a><\/li><li data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;core&quot;: { &quot;navigation&quot;: { &quot;submenuOpenedBy&quot;: {}, &quot;type&quot;: &quot;submenu&quot; 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Nicholas T. Martin&nbsp; Department of Cybersecurity; Old Dominion University&nbsp; CYSE 201S: Cybersecurity and the Social Sciences&nbsp; Professor Diwakar&nbsp;Yalpi&nbsp; 2\/26\/2026&nbsp; Abstract&nbsp; In this article, I will be analyzing a 2025&nbsp;International Journal of Cyber&nbsp;Criminology&nbsp;article by&nbsp;Mohanad M. S. Ghaleb&#8230; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/ntm1794\/cyse-201s\/article-review\/\">Continue Reading &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31982,"featured_media":0,"parent":184,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/ntm1794\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/228"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/ntm1794\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/ntm1794\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/ntm1794\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/31982"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/ntm1794\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=228"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/ntm1794\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/228\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":232,"href":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/ntm1794\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/228\/revisions\/232"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/ntm1794\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/184"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/ntm1794\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=228"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}