{"id":315,"date":"2026-05-05T05:13:51","date_gmt":"2026-05-05T05:13:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/secure-with-nasiba\/?p=315"},"modified":"2026-05-05T05:31:52","modified_gmt":"2026-05-05T05:31:52","slug":"article-reviews-cybersecurity-and-the-social-sciences","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/secure-with-nasiba\/2026\/05\/05\/article-reviews-cybersecurity-and-the-social-sciences\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 1&2 Reviews: Cybersecurity and the Social Sciences."},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Article 1 Review: The Emergence of Cybercrime-as-a-Service And Article 2: Article Review #2, Open- Source Intelligence and Cybersecurity Risks to Critical Infrasture.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Student Name: Nasiba Alhassan<\/p>\n\n\n\n

School of Cybersecurity: Old Dominion University<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CYSE 201S: Cybersecurity and the Social Sciences<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Instructor Name:DIWAKAR YALPI<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Date: February 23- 2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Introduction\/BLUF<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This article explores the rise emergence of the cybercrime as a service (CaaS) model, outlining its structure, operation, and impact on global cybersecurity. The main finding is that CaaS significantly reduces the barrier to entry for cybercrime, resulting in an increase of attacks and requiring a re-reassessment of cybersecurity strategies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Relation\/Connection to Social Science Principles<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The article relates to several social science principles:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

   – Social Network Theory: Cybercrime as a Service depends on networks of individuals with different skills, collaborating to execute attacks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

   – Diffusion of Innovation: The CaaS model represents an innovation within the cybercrime ecosystem, spreading rapidly due to its efficiency and profitability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

   – Rational Choice Theory: Cybercriminals weigh the costs and benefits of utilizing CaaS, often finding it a rational choice due to reduced risks and increased potential gains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research Question \/ Hypothesis \/ Independent Variable \/ Dependent Variable<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

   – Research Question: How has the cybercrime as a service model evolved, and what impact does it have on the cybersecurity landscape?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

   – Hypothesis: The authors hypothesize that the CaaS model increases the volume and sophistication of cyberattacks by lowering the technical and financial barriers for criminals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

   – Independent Variable: The availability and accessibility of cybercrime services (CaaS).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

   – Dependent Variable: The frequency, sophistication, and impact of cyberattacks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Types of Research Methods Used<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The research utilizes a qualitative approach, primarily using literature review, case studies, and analysis of dark web forums and marketplaces. Data is gathered through observation of cybercriminal activities and analysis of e current existing reports and studies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Types of Data Analysis Used<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The data analysis involves thematic analysis of cybercrime trends, business models, and the roles present within CaaS ecosystems. The authors integrate information from various sources to identify patterns and draw conclusions about the impact anf influences of CaaS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Connections to Other Course Concepts<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This study connects to concepts discussed in our course, such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

   – Cybersecurity Economics: The CaaS model highlights the economic incentives driving cybercrime and the market dynamics involved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

   – Risk Management: The article underscores the need for organizations to reassess their risk management strategies in light of the evolving cyber threat landscape.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

   – Ethical Hacking: Understanding the tools and techniques used in CaaS can inform ethical hacking practices, helping cybersecurity professionals better defend against attacks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Connections to the Concerns or Contributions of Marginalized Groups<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The research highlights that marginalized groups may be disproportionately affected by cybercrime as a result of limited access to cybersecurity resources and education. Additionally, it recognizes that some individuals from these marginalized communities may be attracted to cybercrime due to socioeconomic factors, emphasizing the need for inclusive cybersecurity strategies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Overall Societal Contributions of the Study\/Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This study contributes to our understanding of the cybercrime landscape by elucidating the structure and impact of the CaaS model. It highlights the need for a comprehensive approach to cybersecurity, including technological defenses, policy interventions, and international collaboration. The results provide more informed policymakers, cybersecurity experts, and researchers and scholars, allowing them to develop more effective strategies to combat cybercrime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reference<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Article Link: https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cybersecurity\/article\/8\/1\/tyac003\/6574440?login=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Article Review #2, Open- Source Intelligence and Cybersecurity Risks to Critical Infrasture.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nasiba Alhassan<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

School of Cybersecurity, Old Dominion University<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

CYSE 201S: Cybersecurity and the Social Sciences<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

DIWAKAR YALPI<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Date April 09, 2026<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Intrudctions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This article Accessible form the open web a qualitative analysis of the available open sources information involving cybersecurity and critical infrastructure, \u201clooks at how hackers might use openly available internet hackers might use openly available internet information to target important infrastures like power grids, water and transportation systems. It’s all about how bad guys can use open source intelligence (OSINT) to gather info and plan cyberattacks. This is a social science issur because it deals with people’s actions, crimes, tech use and how cyber threats affect society.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research Questions, Hypotheses, Independent and Dependent Varibale.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The study’s main question is what open source info online could help hackers target critical infrastructure?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While they didn\u2019t say it outright, the reaseacrhs though there are ton of useful info online for cyberattacks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Variable: Open source interllligence online ( like Google, Youtube , reddit, Sodan).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dependent Variable: How useful that info is for cybercriminals planning attacks on critical infrastructure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Basically, the study looked at how info that\u2019s out in the open can make cybersecurity risks worse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research Method Used.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The researchers used a qualitative approach gathering data from open source sites like Google, Youtube, Reddit and Shodan. They looked at search results related to cybersecurity and hacking, analyzing over 4,000 results and finding 250 that had useful info for cybercrimials. They then used thematic content analysis, which is like grouping the data into themes based on patterns they noticed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Type of Data and Analysis.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The study used existing online data, so it’s considered secondary data. They analyzed it using thematic analysis, which highlighted three key categories of useful info.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Indirect reconnaissance data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Proof of concept codes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Educational materials about hacking and cybersecurity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This shows that hackers can learn how to attack systems using information thats just feely floating around on the internet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Connections To Social Science Concepts.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This article touches on social science ideas like crime, human behavior, tech and security. From a criminology angle, it shows how cybercriminals gather info before doing their thing. It\u2019s also connected to sociology becaused it highlights how tech impacts society and our infrastructure, and also it ties into research methods I think this was also talked about in class, like qualitative research, content analysis and secondary data analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marginalized Groups and cybersecurity.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This topic is relevant to marginalized groups becaused cyberattacks on important infrastructure can hit vulnerable populations the hardest. If a cyberattack takes down things like electricity, hospitals, transportation, or water systems, lower income communities and marginalized groups might struggle more to bounce back. Cybersecurity research tends to focus on the tech side of things. But it’s imortanct to also think about cyber threats affecting different groups in society in different ways.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Contruibutions to Socitry.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This study helps society by showing that sensitive cybersecurity info is easily found online and can be used by cybercriminals. This research helps cybersecurity pros and policymakers understand the risks invlouved and create better security polivied training programd and protection for important infrastructure. It also highlights how important its to protect sensitive info online.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Basically this article looked into how cybercriminals can use open source intelligence to targets important infrastructure. The researchers used qualitative research and thematic analysis to figure out what kind of info is out there online that could help hackers. This study matters becuased it shows that cybersecurity isn\u2019t just a tech thing, but also a social issue that affects society, infrastructure and vulnerable groups. The research helps make cybersecurity policies and awareness better which is good for everyone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zhang, Y., Frank, R., Warkentin, N., & Zakimi, N. (2022). Accessible from the open web: A qualitative analysis of the available open-source information involving cybersecurity and critical infrastructure. Journal of Cybersecurity<\/em>. https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cybersecurity\/article\/8\/1\/tyac003\/6574440<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Article 1 Review: The Emergence of Cybercrime-as-a-Service And Article 2: Article Review #2, Open- Source Intelligence and Cybersecurity Risks to Critical Infrasture. Student Name: Nasiba Alhassan School of Cybersecurity: Old Dominion University CYSE 201S: Cybersecurity and the Social Sciences Instructor Name:DIWAKAR YALPI Date: February 23- 2026  Introduction\/BLUF This article explores the rise emergence of the… <\/p>\n

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