{"id":340,"date":"2023-04-14T00:38:48","date_gmt":"2023-04-14T00:38:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/thetienvo\/?p=340"},"modified":"2023-04-14T00:43:13","modified_gmt":"2023-04-14T00:43:13","slug":"writing-assignment-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sites.wp.odu.edu\/thetienvo\/2023\/04\/14\/writing-assignment-4\/","title":{"rendered":"Writing Assignment #4"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Summary of a Genetic-Related Journal Article<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

            The autism spectrum disorder is known as a complex neurodevelopmental disorder. This disorder tends to appear in early childhood and is clinically represented through impairments in abnormal motor stereotypes, communication, and social interactions. There has been evidence that indicates that immune dysfunction is a common finding that can be seen in ASD. A family with a history of autoimmune disorders such as thyroid disorders, Type I diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis have a higher risk of ASD.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Our innate immune system is the first line of defense during exposure to pathogens. Macrophages and monocytes are innate cells that are activated through toll-like receptors, which broadly recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Our innate immune cells play a crucial part in organizing immune responses through the activation of our adaptive immunity and the production of inflammation. Chronic inflammation can occur within this process if aberrant responses increased. The scientists within this study speculate that the alterations in innate immunity may contribute to the immune dysfunction seen in the autism spectrum disorder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            In this study, the scientists are trying to identify how the activation of the toll-like receptors impacts gene expression in ASD monocytes. Previously, they have identified some prominent differences in peripheral monocyte cytokine responses after their stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid. These compounds are known to activate toll-like receptors as well. In their research, the scientists isolated peripheral blood monocytes from 26 children who were diagnosed with a pervasive developmental disorder or autistic disorder. They also isolated the peripheral blood monocytes from 22 typically developing children as well. The researchers cultured the children\u2019s peripheral blood monocytes with lipoteichoic acid and lipopolysaccharide for 24 hours. After the 24-hour period, the scientists then performed RNA sequencing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            The results from their study concluded that the activation of both the toll-like receptor-2 and toll-like receptor-4 expressed immune genes. This activation also contained a subset that was regulated differently in the autistic disorder samples compared to the typically developing samples. In response to lipopolysaccharide, the monocytes from children with the autistic disorder showed a significant increase in KEGG pathways. In contrary to the monocytes from children with the autistic disorder, the monocytes from typically developing children showed a constant decrease in the expression of genes in association with translation in response to toll-like receptor stimulation. The decrease in the monocytes of typical developing children was not observed in the autistic disorder monocytes. This occurrence suggests a deficiency in properly downregulating a prolonged immune response in monocytes from children with an autism spectrum disorder. Monocytes are known to be involved in the early organization of the immune response within our body. The researchers\u2019 findings will help clear up the mechanisms that regulate the immune dysfunction in the autism spectrum disorder.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Summary of a Genetic-Related Journal Article             The autism spectrum disorder is known as a complex neurodevelopmental disorder. This disorder tends to appear in early childhood and is clinically represented through impairments in abnormal motor stereotypes, communication, and social interactions. There has been evidence that indicates that immune dysfunction is a common finding that can… <\/p>\n

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