Networking Fundamentals – Understanding of TCP/IP, protocols, subnetting, and network architectures.

Operating Systems Knowledge – Familiarity with Windows, Linux, and Unix systems.

Basic Linux Commands – Proficiency with commands like ls, cd, pwd, chmod, chown, grep, cat, find, ps, netstat, and sudo for navigating and managing Linux environments.

Security Concepts – Understanding the CIA triad (Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability), encryption, and authentication methods.

Ethical Hacking & Penetration Testing – Skills in vulnerability scanning, exploitation, and ethical hacking frameworks.

Programming & Scripting – Basic knowledge of Python, Bash, or PowerShell for automation and writing scripts.

Incident Response & Forensics – Ability to analyze security incidents and conduct digital forensics.

Security Tools – Experience with tools like Wireshark, Metasploit, Nmap, and intrusion detection systems.