1. The Romanovs were the last Russian monarchy to rule after being killed in 1917.
2. “MikhailÍs son Alexis, “the Quiet One”, ascended to the throne after his fatherÍs death, and son followed father generation after generation until Peter the Great took the title of emperor and declared that his wife Catherine would succeed him.” (Pbs, 2022). After Peter the Great’s daughter ruled, Catherine the Great ruled. Then “her son Paul I restored the succession of oldest sons to the throne, which continued through Alexander III and Nicholas II, the last tsar.” (Pbs, 2022).
3. He was called “Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russians”, “Nicholas the Bloody” and “Little Father Tsar” (British Library, 2021).
4. He had to abdicate the throne because of his distaste in the mouths of the Russian people and Prince Lvov ended up taking control (Britannica, 2022).
5. Nicholas II’s family were all slaughtered on July 17, 1918, then burned and buried (Britannica, 2022).
6. Nicholas II wife, Alix, was related to Queen Victoria of England by being her granddaughter.
Both Queen Victoria and Alix are designated as being carriers for hemophilia.
7. “Hemophilia is a rare disorder in which the blood doesn’t clot in the typical way because it doesn’t have enough blood-clotting proteins (clotting factors). If you have hemophilia, you might bleed for a longer time after an injury than you would if your blood clotted properly.” (Mayo Clinic, 2021).
8. Hemophilia B is probably represented in the pedigree chart.
9. The Romanov’s son, Alexis, had hemophilia. Genetically, he acquired it from his mother, who was a carrier.
10. Only males in the pedigree chart have hemophilia because the females are all carriers but only the males are affected.
| X | Y | |
| X | XX | XY |
| x | Xx | xY |
11. It is possible for a female to inherit hemophilia if their father had it and their mother was a carrier or she herself had it.
12. None of Alexis’ sisters are shown to have hemophilia. Using only the tools available at the time they lived, it couldn’t really have been determined whether they were carriers like their mother or not. Their tools weren’t as advanced yet.
13. The probability of the daughter of a mother who is a carrier and a father who does not have the disease, will be a carrier is 50%.
| X | Y | |
| XC | XC X | XCY |
| X | XX | XY |
14. The probability that 4 daughters of a mother who is a carrier and a father who does not have the disease, will be a carrier is 50%.
| X | Y | |
| XC | XC X | XCY |
| X | XX | XY |
15. The reason why none of Alexi’s sisters had hemophilia is because since females have two X chromosomes, when one if faulty, they have the other to “lean on”; therefore, they would only be carriers and not acquire the disease.
| X | Y | |
| XC | XC X | XCY |
| X | XX | XY |
16. Rasputin was a Serbian monk that was a drunk and a womanizer, but he was infamous for his healing abilities. Alexandra, Nicholas II’s wife, came to him about her only son’s excessive and painful bleeding after an injury. It’s evident that he helped the child, and from then on, Alexandra confided in him and took advice from him on important government decisions. The Russian people eventually became disgusted with him and what he portrayed, and he was murdered by Royalists in 1916 (BBC, 2020).