1. At the first grave, 9 bodies were found. At the second, at least 2 bodies were found (one male and one female).
2. The first grave was discovered in the 1970s and the second in 2007.
3. The White Russian Army was a “counter-revolutionary group that fought for control of Russia”.
4. mtDNA testing of Romanov tests were performed to link the bodies to relatives and nuclear DNA testing of 5 “STR markers” was carried out.
5. STR means short tandem repeats.
6. Nuclear DNA, Mitochondria DNA and ancient DNA.
7. Mitochondrial DNA.
8. Fragments of teeth and bones.
9. It is unsure of if Anastasia was in the grave or if it was Maria.
10. She was a polish peasant from Poland that said she was the Duchess Anastasia, which was not true. She also lied about her real name (is was Franziska Schanzkowska).
11. She eventually settled in Charlottesville, VA.
12. She married J.E. Manahan.
13. Her hair and intestine samples were used as sources of DNA.
14. Nicholas’ and Alix’s nuclear DNA samples were taken from skeletal samples (bones).
15. They used mtDNA and STR testing.
16. Her DNA was compared to Carl Maucher and the great nephew of Tsarina.
17. According to Gonzales-Candélas and Lópex-Labrador, hypervariable regions are “portions in the genome or proteome of a species with much higher levels of variation than other similar areas”.
18. They concluded that she was in fact Franziska Schanzkowska and not Anastasia.
19. They ended up being accounted for in 2007.
20. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the current treatment for hemophilia is “to replace the missing blood clotting factor so that the blood can clot properly. This is typically done by injecting treatment products, called clotting factor concentrates, into a person’s vein.”

References:

The White armies

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/hypervariable-region