Article Review 1 :

Article 1 Review
The Electronic Contract in Civil and Commercial Codes
The Electronic Contract in Civil and Commercial Codes
This article does a great examination of electronic contracts. These electronic contracts
were under the legal frameworks or Egypt, Jordan, and the UAE. This article somewhat
highlights how societies adapted to the legal set up to help with digital practices.
From the social principle perspective, the realtionship between technology and norms
were really underlined in this article. The people that controlled electronic contracts
believed that it was very necessary for change. The things they felt were necessary to
change were things like legal codes, and how society would respond to technological
advances. The process of all these things, makes me understand the concept of
changing and adapting to new things
This article seemed to always center around this one question in my opinion. How do
these 3 places attack or fix these electronic contracts? The hypothesis suggests that
these countries do a good job monitoring the traditional contracts, but they do not know
how to do a good job monitoring social contracts.
To research these things, they did a good job of examining laws, legal definitions, and
looking across all jurisdictions. With all these things being worked on, it is now easier
for electronic contracts to be enforced into the legal system. Many of the data analysis
comes from the Jordanian Law and the UAE Law.
Everything that is happening causes a big impact on the marginalized groups.
Especially the ones that barely had access to technology. The people who didnt have
much access to technology would be the ones who are having problems such as paying
for something digitally.

In conclusion, the electronic contract is a positive thing for those 3 countries. It has
many contributions to society. It promotes things like international trading, promoting
digital payments, and overall, just making life easier for the people in general. This
article really pushes for our technology to keep advancing so everything can stay
effective.
Words Cited
View of The Electronic Contract in Civil and Commercial Codes

Article 2 :

Article Review #2
Understanding Systemic Cyber Risk
The article “Modelling systemic cyber risk” dives into the growing concern of systemic
cyber risk in today’s digital infrastructure. The authors from this article hired a Bayesian
employee to model the insight into how incidents can happen through these systems. This
review will analyze the article through the basis of social science principles, communities,
and data analysis.
Systemic cyber risk is a social science issue which involves mostly human behavior. This
study. The study goes with social sciences because it explores how risk perception and
trust influence this great thing called decision making in cyber security, which I believe is
the hardest thing about cyber security. Another thing is that this article supports the
principle that all situations are not simple and isolated, they come from and impact very
complex cyber security social systems.
The central research question is: How can a Bayesian network model be used to identify
and assess systemic cyber risks in interconnected digital infrastructures? From the article,
the answers I have are: Cyber risk are not isolated, but they often get speeded. We have to
understand interconnections to provide some better strategies. Another thing I noticed
was the networks affected the possibilities of failures.
The authors seemed to use a quantitative approach using the Bayesian networks, graph
models were used to represent variables. An acyclic graph model was also used. The
method is used for mainly computer science, here what the studies involved: Finding key
nodes in digital infrastructures, plotting out all potential hackers and attacks, and using
the probability theory to act out these scenarios to understand these complex systems.
The data was a mix of expert insight and synthetic scenarios constructed to immolate
these real-life digital situations. Some analysis involved simulating cyberattack scenarios
to observe cascading effects across the system. Some results showed that some failures

in one node could have a different effect somewhere else. The study really keys in on the
importance of nodes and the need for our systemic, and not isolated risk assessments.
When we fail to appropriately handle cyber-attacks, people with little to no digital access
are the ones that are hurt the most by it. And it hurts them because they really have no say
in the cyber policy discussions, so the ones in those discussions won’t really know how
they feel. Also, people with low incomes are affected if we don’t handle cyber-attacks
efficiently.
This article connect to our powerpoints by them including the Quantitative and Qualitative
methods in cybersecurity, this is very good to use in researching in social sciences.
Here are a few contributions to the society : Systemic Awareness has been increased, this
article raises awareness in the digital systems. The decision support is also better with this
article, cyber experts and policy experts will now be better in making intelligent decisions,
they will now investigate more details before deciding how to handle things.
Watson, R., Blay, A., & Nurse, J. R. C. (2024). Modelling systemic cyber risk: A Bayesian
network approach. Journal of Cybersecurity, 10(1), tyae026.
https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyae026